This is Our Story - 3059 Words

‘This is our story’ Dr. Michael Alba, President of the Far Eastern University, Dr. Miriam Garcia, Directress of the FEU-FERN Basic Education Department, Honorable members of the Board of Trustees, Mrs. Nora Castada, Assistant to the Directress, Advisers of the graduating class, distinguished faculty members, beloved parents, guests, and our dearest graduates, a pleasant afternoon! Five years ago, I spoke on this same spot to deliver a message to my batchmates, the graduating class of 2009. Things were very different then – I was a young, naà ¯ve and immature student who had no idea of what might happen after my graduation. Contrary to what my batchmates thought then, I did not know what to do with my life. I did not know what course to take in college or what career to pursue after. I never thought that the choices I made and the career I chose would bring me back here to this same podium. I know that most of you, graduates, now have the same dilemmas that I once faced. What happens after high school graduation? What will I do in college? What does the future hold for me? But don’t worry! Do not be overly hesitant and anxious. You are at a crossroad in your life. You should be excited of what lies ahead. I am a storyteller. As a journalist, I tell stories of people, significant events and issues that affect the society. Today, I will share some valuable lessons I learned in life by telling five stories – stories that will provide a picture of what life is like in college andShow MoreRelatedNarrative Is The Representation Of An Event Or Series Of Events1637 Words   |  7 Pagesoneself. This may be referred to as a ‘self-narrative,’ Ibarra, H. and Barbulescu, R. 2010 refer to this to describe a story that is informative of the speaker. It is human nature to create narratives that represent ourselves and where we stand in society. These constructions allow us to connect and identify with society as well as bind ourselves to an institution. They are a mode of making sense of the world. As explained by Kerby, (1991) â€Å"our sense of self is a product of the stories we tell ourselvesRead MoreReflection Paper On Storytelling1696 Words   |  7 PagesStorytelling: A Reflection of Ourselves What’s the first thing that pops into your head when you think of storytelling? Is it the countless nights you laid in bed as a child listening intently to stories that made you believe you could be and do anything; you could be a pirate day and an astronaut tomorrow or even a detective outsmarting the bad guys like Sherlock Holmes and Watson or Nancy Drew. Or perhaps you think of that lecture in your high school or college history class when your professorRead MoreBahamian Oral Tradition Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesBahamian oral tradition through folk music and storytelling What determines a true Bahamian? Our oral tradition by way of folk music and storytelling helps us to find our identity; it helps us create a link with the next generation in an attempt to keep our native culture alive. Moreover, oral tradition is more than history, because it creates bonds with the past. Oral tradition is simple, but, it is very rich because of the information it contains. Its roots lie in the oral traditions of theRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Awakening And The Yellow Wallpaper1211 Words   |  5 PagesAwakening† â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† During our previews week we had many different reading assignments. The assignment I chose to talk about in this paper for week number one was â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. For the second reading assignment for this current week will be â€Å"The Awakening† by Kate Chopin. I choose this two reading assignments because they were both very similar, but at the same time very different. Throughout this paper I will be demonstrating a common theme—characters—andRead MoreFamily Loving Can Mean a Lot of Things1036 Words   |  5 Pagesthese two writing eras apart, I examined The Island of Bornholm, a sentimentalist story written by Nikolai Karamzin, and The Family of a Vourdalak, a realist piece by Alexis Tolstoy. With a gap of forty-six years between the two pieces, there is bound to be certain differences in style and word choice, but beyond this were variances in character details, scene descriptions, and tension building that made these two stories so unique to the reader. The best place to start is at the beginning, where aRead MoreFaith, Morals, Ethics And Cultural Values1077 Words   |  5 PagesStories have great power to shape, inform and transform our lives. Through stories important traditions, morals, ethics and cultural values are passed down from generation to generation. In the same way the Bible is the story of God that has the power to transform our lives. The captivating and transforming power of story in preaching forms the foundation of Dan Boone s Preaching the Story that Shapes Us. Dr. Boone shares why he believes that narrative preaching is the best way to preach the storyRead MoreThe Danger of a Single Story804 Words   |  4 PagesRanda ElFouly The Danger of a Single Story - A speech that was said by Chimamanda Adichie that inspired me to write this report. Chimamanda Adichie began talking about this thing she liked to call â€Å"a single story.† The Danger of a Single Story is about having a one sided perspective on different cultures and countries. She explains that she originally had a single story of writing because as a kid, all she had read were children’s books from America or England and all the characters in theseRead MoreRum and Coke by Julia Ofaolain884 Words   |  4 PagesRum and Coke by Julia O’Faolain ’[pic] The short story â€Å"Rum and Coke† (1996) written by Julia O’Faolain takes place in Ireland in the higher catholic environment. Our narrator is the son of a catholic Irish senator, who is trying to preserve Ireland as a state in the teaching of the Irish Catholic Church. As the story continues, our narrator discovers that his father is having an affair with a younger woman, Artemis Sheehy, and she is pregnant with his father’s child. The two of them had beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Madam Cj Walker s The Souls Of Black Folk 893 Words   |  4 PagesWriting is really important to make our voices heard and it also can be use as a source to express ourselves, especially if we do not have much freedom to do it orally. Readings such as daily newspapers have really large audiences and it also can be use as the ‘vehicle’ to deliver our thoughts and make sure people hear our opinions or things that we want to deliver. Based on a reading with a title â€Å"Broadening Representational Boundaries†, written by Rooks, we can see that the first black women millionaire

Charter Schools Vs Traditional Public Schools - 948 Words

Charter Schools vs Traditional Public Schools Charter schools are an alternative to traditional public schools, but are often viewed as the superior option in comparison to the traditional public school route. By definition, charter schools are a publicly funded and privately ran school under the charter of an educational authority. These types of schools are held to different types of standards than most traditional public schools with freedom to explore unique methods of educating children. According to pro side of the debate, charter schools are necessary. Education is not always a ‘one size fits all’ (Genma Holmes). The neighborhood traditional public school is not necessary always the best environment for every child simply because traditional public schools are designed to meet the needs of the general population. However, charter schools provide students who do not fit in with the traditional public schooling system an alternative educational route. Den nis Jenkins believes that traditional public schools also have a monopoly over public education. As a result, these monopolies are not motivated to change and improve because of the lack of competition. Charter schools are the solution to this problem. They serve the purpose of encouraging public schools to compete for financial dollars, which spur positive changes across the board in public education. On the contrary, many educators feel otherwise and believe that charter schools should in fact,Show MoreRelatedTraditional Public Schools1546 Words   |  7 Pagesindicate the conditions at a charter or traditional public school (including traditional public schools and magnet schools) attended by the average white, black, Hispanic, LEP and IDEA students in the state of California. For example, the seventh and eighth columns (number of AP courses) indicate that the average white student enrolled in a charter school attends a school with 8.5 AP courses, while the average white student enrolled in a traditional public school attends a school offering 15.6 AP coursesRead MoreCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Are charter schools the right choice to the educational needs of our children? Charter schools are tuition free public schools created and operated by parents, organizations, and community groups to fill student’s educational needs. Charter schools consider educating their students as the priority, and identify how children’s learning needs are different from each other, so they came up with different ways on educating their students such as learning in small groupsRead MoreCharter School Vs. Public Schools974 Words   |  4 PagesSuccess Why choose to go to Charter School rather than public school? Charter schools are public school of choice, meaning families choose for their children. Federal legislation provides grants to help charters to manage start-up costs. They create better educational opportunities for the students therefore they have higher expectations in teaching. Charter Schools and zoned (public) schools are tuition free but unfortunately not everyone can get in to Charter school, since it works by lotteryRead MoreCharter School Conflict With The Public Schools On Different Issues1718 Words   |  7 Pages Charter School Conflict This paper will discuss charter school conflicts with the public schools on different issues. According to Ron Zimmer and Richard Buddin, â€Å"The last few years have been marked by dramatic growth in charter schools in California. In a recent radio forum, KQED Public Media, Titled Growth of Charter Schools in California Leads to Conflict with School Districts, discuses about the conflict between charter school and public school in the Oakland school district. ThisRead More Traditional Schools versus Charter Schools Essay2100 Words   |  9 Pagescategories known as traditional public schools and nontraditional schools. Nontraditional schools provide students with different learning environments compared to traditional schools and some specific examples of these schools are magnet schools, charter schools, and virtual schools (Newberry). All of these schools are relatively new and have controversial views across the country. A charter school is a public elementary or secondary s chool that is independent from the local school district and isRead MoreWhy Charter Schools Are Important to Education Essay example1415 Words   |  6 Pages Why Charter Schools Are Important to Education Charter schools are public schools, but can be a better option than traditional public schools for some students. By definition, a charter school is a publicly funded and privately run school under the charter of an educational authority. (2-4) A charter school is held to a different set of standards than most traditional public schools. This can often work towards their advantage because it allows them to try new and unique methods of educating childrenRead MoreThe Role Of State And Local Control Of Education850 Words   |  4 Pagesbody that establishes and makes sure that school districts employ only qualified individuals. The importance of state and local control of education is crucial and provides the opportunity for each state to develop their own definition of what qualifications are needed by individuals in order to be considered â€Å"highly qualified†. This definition must be reliable with NCLB as well as with the unique needs of the state. The state law requires public school elementary and secondary teachers to meetRead MoreCharter Schools Vs. Public Schools2223 Words   |  9 PagesAt the foundation of the American public school system is the belief that every child deserves a quality education. To this end, the public school system in America has undergone many reforms. One of which has been charter schools. Charter schools are independent public schools of choice working under the auspices of a charter and not governed by the board of education. The charter can be written by parents, teachers, school administrators, community leaders, educational businesses, etc. ItRead MorePersuasive Speech On Year Round School1120 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience that CECFC should implement year-round school. Central Idea: I researched this topic extensively and discovered the benefits of year round school, developed a plan to implement it, as well as reasons why this plan is possible. Introduction Topic Introduction: Refer to attention grabber for topic introduction. Attention Grabber: Jeremy Bloom is the youngest man in history to make the â€Å"U.S. Ski Team, he was national champion while still in high school and world champion and Olympian at age 19 (PullenRead MoreThe Argument Against Longer School Days Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesLonger School Days: Why We Shouldn’t Lengthen the Day We have all seen the debate in the news no matter what area of Illinois you may live in, whether or not the Chicago Public Schools should lengthen the school day. In an online forum it states that during a meeting Chicago Public Schools CEO Jean-Claude Brizard vowed to add 90 minutes to each school day and two weeks to the school year by the fall of 2012. (Erbentraut J. 2011) The Chicago Public School board, CPS teachers’ union and Chicago mayor

Dippin Dots Free Essays

Founded in 1988, for over 20 years Dippin’ Dots has commonly been referred to as â€Å"the ice cream of the future. † As a result of soaring operating costs and plummeting sales, Dippin’ Dots has endured substantial losses in their number of operating franchises. Dippin’ Dots flourished for many years as a unique segment of the ice cream market, targeting the out of home demographic, mainly focusing operations in busy areas like amusement parks, theatres and stadiums. We will write a custom essay sample on Dippin Dots or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now facing increasingly dangerous competition, Dippin’ Dots must first identify their problems, and then execute the necessary resolutions if they want to regain their footing in the ice cream business. One problem facing Dippin’ Dots is that the unique product they offer severely limits the target markets that can be reached. Since retail locations can only offer the product at 10 to 20 ° below zero, special storage freezers are required, as well as specially manufactured cryogenic transport chambers in order to dispatch the product. These among other concerns have limited the distribution of Dippin’ Dots to only serve the away from home segment of the ice cream market. It is therefore advisable for Dippin’ Dots to construct an ice cream product which can be offered at temperatures that a supermarket could handle in efforts to reach the majority in house consumers of the ice cream market. Dippin’ Dots must also tackle the problem of pricing. At $5 for 5 ounces, Dippin’ Dots is unquestionably at the high end of the spectrum as far as ice cream goes; they have therefore aimed for areas where people are more willing to spend money, such as amusement parks like six flags and shopping malls. Another major deterrent to Dippin’ Dots is the threat of new entrants. According to the article it was due to the negligence in part of Dippin’ Dots founder Curt Jones , their patent was declared worthless, based on the fact that they had sold their ice cream product to over 800 customers before ever proposing the patent request. This allowed competitors the opportunity to create exact replicas of their once distinctive product. What’s even more eye gouging is these competitors were all disenfranchised former dealers of Dippin’ Dots, some of whom are now targeting much more of the global market, an area that should have been maximized by Dippin’ Dots several years ago. In light of their current and ongoing adversity, Dippin’ Dots should rapidly seek either a merger with an existing ice cream producer or create their own line of take home ice cream in order to decrease some of the losses that will inevitably be associated with this new competition. It is also recommended that Dippin’ Dots hire a new, experienced sales manager who can deal with supermarket chains, packaging companies, and distribution channels globally. After 20 years of operations, the time has come for Dippin’ Dots to expand their horizons. Everyone knows the name and children love the product so at least there’s no problem with brand awareness. Because of this legacy and reputation the introduction of Dippin’ Dots to the supermarket will be sure to turn heads and be a hit. If Dippin’ Dots can make the transition into this new market while somehow finding a way to keep their prices competitive, their chances of survival will improve considerably. How to cite Dippin Dots, Essay examples

Electronic music festivals free essay sample

First, you can have a good time with your friends and be a part of a different experience because, these parties or festivals are very different than the usual parties that the people use to go owing to, be a part of a amazing experience, the lights, the performance Of the Dc, the Stage those things make unique these parties. Another good reason is that in those events you can meet interesting people and share things in common like music of course also, about the personal life r another experiences in events as these.Moreover, if you like a little bit the electronic music and then you go to a festival when you get out you will love this type of music. Finally, look at your favorite artist or Dc is an awesome experience, it is like a dream comes true pass see them only on television or in photos to be see them in front of you is something incredible. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic music festivals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, it is true that these events may be a little dangerous due to, in festivals eke those you can find some people offering drugs.Also, there are people who go to these parties looking to kidnap women and prostitute them in other countries but, this kind of things happen not just in electronic music festivals this happens in a concert of rock music or another complete different context too, for example, in a school or any place in a city. For this to happen depends on one thing only and it is of yourself. Electronic music festivals free essay sample Most people have a prejudice about electronic music festivals, they believe In many wrong ideas about it. The real significance of these events is to share a good time with those who attend and love electronic music. Also, It is want to encourage respect and love with others and live without prejudices to anyone and In this way of enjoy the festival without ceasing to be who you are really. But, this lends Itself to countersigning with those who do not know about this topic. The electronic music festivals are amazing.First, you can have a good time with your friends and be a part of a different experience because, these parties or festivals are very different than the usual parties that the people use to go owing to, be a part of a amazing experience, the lights, the performance of the DC, the stage those things make unique these parties. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic music festivals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another good reason Is that In those events you can meet Interesting people and share things in common like music of course also, about the personal life or another experiences in events as these.Moreover, if you like a little bit the electronic music and then you go to a festival when you get out you will love this type of music. Finally, look at your favorite artist or D] is an awesome experience, it is like a dream comes true pass see them only on television or in photos to be see them in front of you is something incredible. On the other hand, it is true that these events ay be a little dangerous due to, in festivals like those you can find some people offering drugs.Also, there are people who go to these parties looking to kidnap women and prostitute them in other countries but, this kind of things happen not just in electronic music festivals this happens in a concert of rock music or another complete different context too, for example, in a school or any place in a city. For this to happen depends on one thing only and it is of yourself.

Reconstruction dbq free essay sample

However, in n effort to discredit the Republican Party, he only made a fool of himself, (famously known as Johnnys Swing Around the Circle) and helped the Republican Party win 2/3rd of the seats in Congress, which gave them the majority to easily override Johnnys vetoes. As a result, the Republicans could aid African Americans and put into place the Reconstruction Act Of 1 867, which was much more successful than Johnnys presidential reconstruction. In fact, Congress efforts were so effective that the South felt the need fight Republican dominance.For example, bulldozing, using physical violence as a means to discourage black men from voting, was extremely successful. In short, though reconstruction (especially presidential reconstruction), did have its limitations and was not a complete success, it was a step in the right direction. Lincoln overly generous Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, also known as the plan, was deliberately designed to make easy the process of absorbing the Confederacy back into the Union. We will write a custom essay sample on Reconstruction dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Radical Republicans, namely Charles Sumner and Thatched Stevens, did not think this was severe enough or actually secured freed slaves heir civil rights. They presented the Wade-Davis Bill, which made it harder for Confederate states to enter the Union, and gave less room for former Confederates to return to positions of power. Because Lincoln was more focused on healing the nation than punishing the Confederacy-?whom he believes never actually seceded, but instead were in a state of insurrection-?though, he pocket vetoed the bill.Radical Republicans thus feared that the South could start reverting back to its old ways unless they worked to learn their lesson the hard way. Radical Republicans initially found ore favor with the next president, Andrew Johnson, who at first seemed like he would be more vindictive towards the South with his New Proclamation of Amnesty. However, Johnson, as a tailors son who never fit into Southern high society, was vulnerable to be wooed by the South into doing reconstruction even more leniently than Lincoln did! He pardoned 1 3,000 ingratiating Southerners.What happened next was huge, and would violate the principles of the war that had just been fought. Former high Confederates were seated right back into Congress (just as Radical Republicans had feared), and they ride to ma intain blacks in slavery under another name: Black Codes. Because blacks were granted freedom by the 13th amendment and that could not be changed, Southerners took the next best step and limited blacks freedom with the Black Codes, which practically contradicted everything the Union fought for in the Civil War and kept blacks in a state of De facto slavery. Because blacks could not secure independent work, they found themselves sharecropping, or working under cash-poor landlords who provided housing, tools, and plant-seed, in return for 2/3rd of their harvest. However, this did not provide blacks with enough money to support themselves, and they became indebted to their landlords. In this light, reconstruction was extremely limited and hardly successful: Southerners bought Johnnys favor with flattery, voted former Confederates in Congress, and then those Confederates slyly re-enslaved freedmen under the Black Codes. Blacks were enjoying neither liberty nor civil rights.Another reason that presidential reconstruction was hardly successful was that Johnson continued to veto Congress bills. Not only was Johnson in new ties with the South, he was a racist Democrat. He rejected the Freedmans Bureau, (which supported blacks with medical care, education, food, and courts), with the claim that the lazy blacks would only grow more lazy. He rejected the Civil Rights Act of 1 866, which granted citizenship and civil rights to black men, on the grounds that such an act exceeded Congress authority, and that such a phenomenon would only create racial strife.However, Radical Republicans, joined by moderate Republicans, (who began to notice the pattern of Johnnys vetoes), overrode the veto. Republicans, realizing that blacks freedom was still in danger, presented the fourteenth amendment, which ranted citizenship and civil rights to all those who are born in America, as well as guaranteed life, liberty, and property which could only be denied through due process, and lastly, Congressional authority to enforce the amendment.Johnson, being a Democrat who saw the fourteenth amendment as being a violation Of states rights, convinced all Southern state legislatures, with the exception of his home state Tennessee, to not ratify the amendment. It is ironic that Johnson vetoed many bills and acts which were intended to grant blac ks civil rights in order to protect states rights. Johnson did not fight or the liberty of men; he fought for the liberty of states. He was racist, and he was a Democrat. At this point, it was up to Congress to make for some effective reconstruction.After Johnson humiliated himself in his Swing Around the circle and helped the Republicans gain 2/3rd of the seats in Congress, Republicans had the majority they needed to override his vetoes and start implementing laws that protected blacks. They enforced the Reconstruction Act of 1867, an entirely new plan of reconstruction to protect blacks, with the Bayonet Rule, by which Union troops deterred the oppression f blacks in the South. This was extremely effective. Blacks could now vote and hold office!In time, the presence Of the Republican party dominated Of the South, and blacks stood right behind them. Furthermore, the fifteenth amendment secured black mens right to vote (for the Republican Party! ). Congressional reconstruction was very successful and produced excellent results at first: extending universal male suffrage, disenfranchising ex- Confederates for a certain amount of time, requiring public schooling for blacks and whites, rebuilding infrastructure, and creating welfare programs or the poor. The South criticized the Bayonet Rule with the myth of Negro Rule, which claimed that naive freedman elected depraved black politicians who permitted interracial marriage, though. They were outraged at the dramatic changes taking place in the South. In this time arose the UK Klux Klan, led by Nathan Bedford Forrest. The UK Klux Klan murdered all Republican Party supporters in an effort to crush Republican dominance in the South and reestablish the Democratic Party. And though they were indicted as a result of the Force Act of 1 871, few were convicted. This would e a mistake; more should have been convicted.

Evolution of Management Thoughts Reflection Paper Essays

Evolution of Management Thoughts Reflection Paper Essays Evolution of Management Thoughts Reflection Paper Paper Evolution of Management Thoughts Reflection Paper Paper Evolution of Management Thoughts Reflection Paper by: Ryan T. Lorico The universe is a gigantic organization. It is an intertwined facet of thoughts, imagination, and reality. It is an object of endless puzzles and loopholes. Like an organization, entities are always subjected to question and argue, to change and advance. Furthermore, it is labyrinth where youll get lost and may never come out; a maze of constantly changing walls giving way for evolution and reincarnation of objects and beliefs. Life, for me, is a process of learning and management. It is because you need to plan how to live your everyday. My mind tells me that you are your lifes own manager. You are your accountant, messenger, and your help. As humans, we are obligated to adjust and measure the changing environment. As the world or universe change, so must we, as what Charles Darwin was telling us centuries ago. Indeed, the world is a battlefield; you must be fit to survive. In the same way, for you to prolong your career or to even live up your life, you must be well rounded with ideas of survival. Evolution, as the word tells us, are changes made to either develop or destroy us. An evolution phase can either be an end of an era or a start of a new ideology. Evolution is a cycle. In every evolution phase, new techniques to manage our day-to-day are invented. History tells us, from Socrates to modern philosophers, that indeed, changes took place, shaping our world that we have today; and humans as managers of the world, tried to reshape their principles and policies, to re-access life and on how to manage it. Looking back, pagans before believed that everything around them is free and holy. They managed their lives through instinct and nature-lore. They do not have neither the technology nor concept; no form of monetary or trade. Our ancestors are free-dwelling; who would have thought that from pagans and savages, well be as modern and advance as we are today? Thus, contributions of our great philosophers will always be remembered till the end of our civilization. Those concepts will be foundations of modernization and building blocks of todays society. For years to come there will be new Socrates and the likes; as well as new philosophies that will run the world as it turns, thus, evolution and cycle continues.

Kirchhoffs Laws for Current and Voltage

Kirchhoff's Laws for Current and Voltage In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first described two laws that became central to electrical engineering. Kirchhoffs Current Law, also known as Kirchhoffs Junction Law, and Kirchhoffs First Law, define the way that electrical current is distributed when it crosses through a junction- a point where three or more conductors meet. Put another way, Kirchhoffs Laws state that the sum of all currents leaving a node in an electrical network is always equal to zero, notes Resistor Guide. These laws are extremely useful in real life because they describe the relation of values of currents that flow through a junction point and voltages in an electrical circuit loop, explains Rapid Tables. In other words, these rules describe how electrical current flows in all of the billions of electric appliances and devices, as well as throughout homes and businesses, that are in use continually on Earth. Kirchhoffs Laws: The Basics Specifically, the laws state that: The algebraic sum of current into any junction is zero. Since current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, it cannot build up at a junction, meaning that current is conserved: What goes in must come out. You can think of perhaps the most well-known example of a junction: a junction box. These boxes are installed on most houses: They are the boxes that contain the wiring through which all electricity in the home must flow. When performing calculations, then, the current flowing into and out of the junction typically has opposite signs. You can also state Kirchhoffs Current Law as: The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the junction. You can further break down the two laws more specifically. Kirchhoffs Current Law In the picture, a junction of four conductors (wires) is shown. The currents i2 and i3 are flowing into the junction, while i1 and i4 flow out of it. In this example, Kirchhoffs Junction Rule yields the following equation: i 2 i 3 i 1 i 4 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Kirchhoffs Voltage Law describes the distribution of electrical  voltage within a loop, or closed conducting path, of an electrical circuit. Specifically, Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that: The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero. The voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic fields (emfs) and resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources (for example, batteries) or devices (such as lamps, televisions, and blenders) plugged into the circuit. In other words, you can picture this as the voltage rising and falling as you proceed around any of the individual loops in the circuit. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law comes about because the electrostatic field within an electric circuit is a conservative force field. In fact, the voltage represents the electrical energy in the system, so it can be thought of as a specific case of conservation of energy. As you go around a loop, when you arrive at the starting point has the same potential as it did when you began, so any increases and decreases along the loop have to cancel out for a total change of zero. If it didnt, then the potential at the start/end point would have two different values. Positive and Negative Signs in Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign conventions, which arent necessarily as clear as those in the Current Rule. You choose a direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to go along the loop. When traveling from positive to negative ( to -) in an emf (power source) the voltage drops, so the value is negative. When going from negative to positive (- to ) the voltage goes up, so the value is positive. Remember that when traveling around the circuit to apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, be sure you are always going in the same direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to determine whether a given element represents an increase or decrease in the voltage. If you begin jumping around, moving in different directions, your equation will be incorrect. When crossing a resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula I*R, where I is the value of the current and R is the resistance of the resistor. Crossing in the same direction as the current means the voltage goes down, so its value is negative. When crossing a resistor in the direction opposite the current, the voltage value is positive (the voltage is increasing). Applying Kirchhoffs Voltage Law The most basic applications for Kirchhoffs Laws are in relation to electrical circuits. You may remember from middle school physics that electricity in a circuit must flow in one continuous direction. If you break the circuit- by flipping off a light switch- you are breaking the circuit, and hence turning off the light. Once you flip the switch, you re-engage the circuit, and the lights come back on. Or, think of stringing lights on your house or Christmas tree. If just one light bulb blows out, the entire string of lights goes out. This is because the electricity, stopped by the broken light, has no place to go. Its essentially the same as turning off the light switch and breaking the circuit. The other aspect of this with regard to Kirchhoffs Laws is that the sum of all electricity going into and flowing out of a junction must be zero: The electricity going into the junction (and flowing around the circuit) must equal zero because the electricity that goes in must also come out. So, next time youre working on your junction box (or observing an electrician doing so), stringing electric holiday lights, or even just turning on or off your TV or computer, remember that Kirchhoff first described how it all works, thus ushering in the age of electricity that the world now enjoys.