Dimitri Mendeleev essays

Dimitri Mendeleev papers Inferred by Dimitri Mendeleev, the occasional table might be one of the most enlightening tables contained in science. By leaving holes in the segments and lines, Mendeleev was taking into consideration the disclosure of unfamiliar components of that time. From the properties of the components encompassing these holes, Mendeleev had the option to anticipate the properties of these unfamiliar components. At last, when different researchers found the devices of the intermittent table, Mendeleev's accomplishments were perceived. Mendeleev was an adaptable virtuoso who was keen on numerous different fields of study, including unadulterated and applied science. Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. (1834-1907) , Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was Russian physicist, known for his improvement of the intermittent table of components. This is a table made to organize the components by their nuclear number. Mendeleev was conceived in Tobolsk, Siberia. He contemplated science at the University of Saint Petersburg, until 1859 when he was sent to learn at the University of Heidelberg. Where he became aquatinted with the Italian physicist Stanislao Cannizzaro, whose sees on nuclear weight changed his reasoning. Mendeleev returned to Saint Petersburg and turned into an educator of science at the Tech. Organization in 1863. He became teacher of general science at the University of Saint Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleev was a famous instructor, and, on the grounds that horrible course book in science was accessible, he composed the two-volume Standards of Chemistry which turned into a work of art. During the composition of his book, Mendeleev attempted to sort out th e components as indicated by their concoction properties and nuclear mass. In 1869 he distributed his first of what got known as the intermittent table, a table made to orchestrate the components by their nuclear number. In 1871 he distributed a superior form of the intermittent table, wherein he left void spaces for components that were unfamiliar. Mendeleevs outline and speculations picked up acknowledgment wh ... <!

Biography of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman

Life story of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman Lili Elbe (conceived Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener, later Lili Ilse Elvenes; December 28, 1882†September 13, 1931) was a spearheading transgender lady. She encountered what is currently known as sexual orientation dysphoria and was one of the main people known to get sex reassignment medical procedure, otherwise called sex affirmation medical procedure. She was additionally an effective painter. Her life was the subject of the novel and film The Danish Girl. Quick Facts: Lili Elbe Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Believed to be the main beneficiary of sexual orientation affirmation surgeryBorn: December 28, 1882 in Vejle, DenmarkDied:  September 13, 1931 in Dresden, Germany Early Life Conceived as Einar Wegener in Vejle, Denmark, Lili Elbe started life as a kid. A few sources accept that she was intersex, having some female organic attributes, yet others contest those reports. Some figure she may have had Klinefelter Syndrome, the nearness of at least two X chromosomes notwithstanding the Y chromosome. Pulverization of clinical records leaves these inquiries unanswered. Elbe contemplated craftsmanship at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark. There, she met artist and painter Gerda Gottlieb, who was cultivated in both workmanship nouveau and craftsmanship deco styles. Marriage and Painting Einar and Gerda experienced passionate feelings for and wedded in 1904. The two of them filled in as specialists. Einar Wegener represented considerable authority in scene works of art in a Post-Impressionistic style while Gerda discovered work as a book and magazine artist. Einar displayed works at the esteemed Salon dAutomne in Paris, France. Around 1908, Danish on-screen character Anna Larssen neglected to appear for a displaying meeting with Gerda Wegener. Via phone, the on-screen character proposed that Einar wear womens garments and substitute as a model because of his sensitive form. He was reluctant from the start, yet concurred after weight from Gerda. Lili later composed, I can't deny, unusual as it might sound, that I had a ball in this mask. I preferred the vibe of delicate womens garments. I felt particularly comfortable in them from the main second. Einar before long turned into a continuous model for his wifes work. Subsequent to strolling in on a demonstrating meeting, Anna Larssen proposed the name Lili for Einars new persona. It was before long embraced, and Lili started showing up more frequently outside of displaying meetings. The family name Elbe was later picked out of appreciation for the stream that courses through Dresden, Germany, the site of her last medical procedures. In her self-portrayal, Lili Elbe communicated that she in the long run murdered Einar, while liberating herself, when she decided to have intercourse reassignment medical procedure. In 1912, when word rose that the model for Gerdas work was really her significant other, they confronted embarrassment in their home city of Copenhagen. The couple left their nation and moved to the all the more tolerating city of Paris, France. All through the 1920s, Einar much of the time showed up at occasions as Lili. Gerda regularly introduced her as Einars sister. Before the decade's over, Lili got edgy to live as a lady. Specialists and clinicians marked Lili a schizophrenic to depict the fight among male and female. She picked May 1, 1930, as a self destruction date. In February 1930, in any case, she discovered that the specialist Magnus Hirschfeld may assist her with starting the change procedure. Progress Lili Elbe experienced a progression of four or five sex reassignment medical procedures starting later in 1930. Magnus Hirschfeld counseled on the methods while gynecologist Kurt Warnekros performed them. The principal included expulsion of the balls and occurred in Berlin, Germany. Later medical procedures embedded an ovary and evacuated the penis and occurred in Dresden, Germany. The arranged last activity included implantation of an uterus and development of a fake vagina. A few reports developed that the specialists discovered simple ovaries in Lilis midsection. Later in 1930, Lili got an official identification under the name Lili Ilse Elvenes. In October 1930, King Christian X of Denmark authoritatively dissolved the marriage of Einar Wegener and Gerda Gottlieb. Their splitting was neighborly. Lili was at long last ready to authoritatively carry on with her life as a lady. Lili finished her vocation as a craftsman, accepting that the work as a painter had a place with Einar. She met and experienced passionate feelings for French craftsmanship vendor Claude Lejeune. He proposed, and the couple intended to wed. Lili trusted medical procedure would permit her to hold up under a kid to construct a family with her significant other. Demise In 1931, Lili came back to Dresden, Germany for medical procedure to embed an uterus. In June, the medical procedure occurred. Lilis body before long dismissed the new uterus, and she experienced a contamination. Medications to forestall dismissal didn't turn out to be promptly accessible until fifty years after the fact. Lili passed on September 13, 1931 from heart failure welcomed on by the disease. In spite of the sad idea of her demise, Lili communicated to loved ones that she was appreciative for the chance to live as a lady following the medical procedures. Considering life after her first medical procedure, she composed, It might be said that 14 months isn't a lot, however they appear to me like an entire and cheerful human life. Heritage and The Danish Girl Tragically, numerous holes in the biography of Lili Elbe existed. Books at Germanys Institute for Sexual Research identifying with her story were devastated in 1933 by Nazi understudies. United besieging strikes in 1945 decimated the Dresden Womens Clinic and its records during World War II. For analysts, the way toward arranging fantasy from certainty is troublesome. Quite a bit of what is thought about Lili Elbe originates from her self-portrayal Man Into Woman distributed by Ernst Ludwig Harthern-Jacobson under the pen name Hoyer after her passing. It depends on her journals and letters. Numerous analysts accept that Lili Elbe was the main lady to get sex reassignment medical procedure. In any case, some contest the reality. Regardless of whether interesting or not, the medical procedure was exceptionally trial during the 1930s. In 2000, creator David Ebershoff distributed his novel The Danish Girl, in light of Lili Elbes life. It turned into a global smash hit. In 2015, the novel was made into a film of a similar name. Source Hoyer, Niels, manager. Man Into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. Jarrold Publishers, 1933.

When Econ Comes to Life

When Econ Comes to Life During your first day at MIT, after you check in for Orientation, theres usually a table in the back of the room thats piled full of helpful handouts. Although Ive since forgotten what most of the papers were, theres always big white poster entitled One Hundred and One Things to Do Before You Graduate. Its a shame that I actually misplaced my poster and have to rely on the copy that my friend Anna has hanging up in her room. At last count (beginning of the year this year), Ive done just over half of all the items on that chart. One item that I particularly remember, however, is Attend a Nobel Laureate Lecture. I think it was in the comments of these very blogs that I remember a poster saying, I cant wait until I get to MIT and brush shoulders with Nobel Prize laureates and study their theories in the lab. Although at last count, theres 7 active Nobel laureates* on the MIT faculty, its definitely possible to run into esteemed faculty who have won National Medals of Science**, Pulitzer Prize***, and other prestigious honors in the Infinite, at Stata Center, or more commonly, in lecture halls. (* Professor Robert Horvitz, who won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work with the genetics of C. elegans, works in the lab right next to my UROP with the same worm. I attended a couple of Horvitz lab meetings! ** Professor Robert Weinberg, co-professor of the fall introductory bio class, 7.012, and Robert Langer, head of the huge Langer Lab on campus (where many undergrads such as Paul worked at for UROPs), won the National Medal of Science in 1997 and 2006, respectively. (why are these distinguished scientists all Robert/Bobs?) *** Professor Junot Diaz, associate professor in Course 21W (Writing and Humanistic Studies), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize just this year for his novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.) To date, I had attended three lectures given by Nobel Prize laureates, and I had the pleasure of attending another such lecture on Thursday afternoon, given by Harvard Professor Gregory Mankiw (but MIT PhD. 84) and Professor Emeritus Robert Solow (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 1987 another Robert!!). Photo credit: MIT News Office. Professor Mankiw is on the far left and Professor Solow is on the far right. I especially wanted to blog about this because: -Im very interested in Economics (or Course 14), and I am considering it as a minor or a potential double major. -The world is going through a global financial crisis, and its a dynamic time to be studying economics. -Both Mankiw and Solow are now extremely familiar names to me through studying Macroecon (14.02) this semester. So heres the deal: Mankiw is the person that wrote my 14.02 textbook, and Solow is the person that developed the Solow Growth Model which dominated Chapters 7 and 8 of the said book. Anyhow, it was quite exciting to be in such distinguished company since it was like a omg-I-cant-believe-these-people-are-live! kind of feeling (kinda like a kid seeing Mickey Mouse the first time at Disneyland, if you get my gist =p). The seminar itself was pretty interesting. Its helpful to know that actually Mankiw is a Republican, and was one of President Bushs economic advisers from 2003 to 2005. While Solow, on the other hand, explicitly stated that he didnt even consider voting for anyone other than Obama. Its also interesting to note that Mankiw was a MIT grad who spent his teaching career at Harvard, while Solow was a Harvard grad who spent his teaching career at MIT (this comment brought hearty laughter from the audience). Both professors opened the session by providing a 20-minute outline of issues and topics that would be of concern in the future Obama administration, while taking questions from the audience for the remaining 20. Both professors, in their initial discourse, discussed the current financial crisis, with Mankiw pointing out that the financial crisis precipitated from a mis-management in the housing market. Solow followed this up by saying that now, what is most important for the US to do is to prevent the loss of total output which is inherent in a recession (for example, like what happened during the Great Depression the theory is that as long as productivity levels do not decrease, the economy isnt truly in a recession and theres still ways to alleviate the problem). Also, since Fed chairman Bernanke had already loaned where no man had loaned before, this crisis cannot be resolved solely through monetary policy, since that channel has already been exhausted. Furthermore, Solow calls for the distribution of large federal grants to state/local governments, extending unemployment insurance, and promoting infrastructural spending as pointers for the new government. However, the challenge is doing all of these while closing the national deficit. He directly pointed out that the reason why the United States has such a big deficit is because the public doesnt save, but the government consumes a lot. In addition, both professors discussed the increasingly controversial topic of health care, with Mankiw supporting the $5000 tax credit plan proposed by McCain through the campaign (McCain promised a return of $5000 in tax credit to individuals for the use of items such as health care), while Solow pointed out that $5000 hardly covers the aggregate cost of medical treatment nowadays for any significant disease. Instead, he proposed a bottom-up approach seeking an alternative of creating an external agency in evaluating the pricing of new medical products in an effort of keeping medical costs down, in the same way that Great Britain had attempted to deal with its health care. Solow further calls for a growing recognition of the problem of increased inequality in the current American society. Especially, he calls for the government to stop favoring the high income earners because what is essentially happening in America now is that the rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. Mankiw agrees, stating that the current system which strongly favors the income of the financial sector is not going to resolve the wealth disparity. In Q/A section at the end, one interesting question that was posed was whether the government should bail out General Motors, in the same way that the government intervened with Wall Street. Solow stated that there isnt a point pouring money into a system thats already broken whats important is getting to the root of the problem in the system and fixing it. Mankiw replied in the affirmative to the question posed, but given that private investors would be willing to sponsor the action, since theres also no point in investing in a company that had already lost its investment return viability. Again, I think this is one of the most amazing things about MIT that classroom learning doesnt just occur in the classes, but also carries over to current issues in the field. You see it everywhere students doing UROP work on cutting-edge research topics just like any other researcher in the field, colloquiums featuring outstanding scientists from around the world discussing their research (that is, if you can even understand the extent of their work), and accomplished faculty taking time away from their research to teach undergraduate classes (just last week I discovered the lecturer for 7.03, Professor Fink, is actually one of the worlds most renowned yeast geneticists!). I guess I really have to work harder. ^_____^

Marine Biomes - 1037 Words

Marine Biomes Shonda Morton October 20, 2013 SCI/230 Paula Roberts A marine biome is a large aquatic zone that takes up almost 75% of Earth’s surface, has a salt concentration around 3%, and is distinguished from other biomes by its physical environment. According to Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, (2010), the habitats of a marine biome varies depending on the level of the sea that it exists (pp.382). The layers or â€Å"zones† that make up the marine biome consist of the pelagic realm, the intertidal zone, the photic zone, the aphotic zone, and the benthic realm. The pelagic realm is the part of the marine biome that includes all open water. (Dickey, Reece, Simon, 2010) explains â€Å"the†¦show more content†¦Other marine life that exist in this ecosystem prey on other species for food, such as shark, octopus, and larger fish prey on smaller marine life for food. Herbivory is a large part of the marine life, which is the consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. Phytoplankton, known as algae and other plants of the marine environment is the producer for food of many species living in this ecosystem. The consumer relies directly or indirectly on the output of the producers. A main hazard to this ecosystem caused by humans would be pollution. The acid precipitation, toxic chemicals, and other contaminants are harming the aquatic environment, and it contributes to the dwindling population of species in this ecosystem. According to (Dickey, Reece Simon, 2010), this human behavior has contributed to the decline in commercial fish species, dying coral reefs, and even the closing of some beaches due to pollution. The abiotic factors present in this ecosystem consist of temperature, light, water, minerals, and air. Majority of organisms living in this aquatic environment require specific temperatures to survive, although temperatures can vary according to the species. Obviously, water is a part of the aquatic environment, and is actually essential to all parts of life. Light plays a ma jor part in the photosynthesis process for many organismsShow MoreRelatedMarine Biomes1537 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Research Paper The ocean is one of, if not, the largest biome on earth. There are more than one million species of marine life. Covering over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, the ocean is our planet’s largest habitat, containing 99 percent of the living space on the planet. This area holds the life of nearly 50 percent of all species on Earth. Like lakes, oceans are subdivided into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. All four zones have a great diversity of species. TheRead MoreMarine Biome2245 Words   |  9 PagesA biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its’ plant life, climate, and location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major bi omes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain forest, temperateRead MoreBiomes are the Communities of the World1031 Words   |  4 Pages Biomes are all over the world, that’s why they are considered the â€Å"world’s major communities.† Biomes are large areas scattered around the earth, filled with animals and plants acclimating to their environments. You can classify biomes in many different ways, by their climate, their biodiversity, human activity, their animals and plants, and their habitats. There are only five conspicuous types of biomes, Grassland, Tundra, Desert, Aquatic, and forest. Without biomes, the earth would beRead MoreDna Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Because of this, there is a greater demand on our resources. Biomes and Ecosystems A biome is defined as a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by either vegetation type or physical environment. (Campbell Essentials Biology 2013) Aquatic biomes are either freshwater biomes, or marine biomes. Freshwater biomes include ponds, rivers, lakes, wetlands and streams while marine biomes are the oceans. Terrestrial biomes are grouped together mainly based on their vegetation type. TropicalRead MoreResearch Report On Terrestrial And Aquatic Biomes1680 Words   |  7 Pageson Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes Mr. Washington 4th Period â€Æ' When you hear the term biome, you think of plants and animals in the same biodiversity. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems that cover a broad area, and maintained under the climate conditions of the region, especially such a community that has developed to climax. Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils, and vegetation. There are five major categories of biomes on earth. In these five,Read More Biomes of the World Essay2247 Words   |  9 Pages A biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its’ plant life, climate, and location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major biomes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain forest,Read MoreThe Ocean Has Been My Favorite Environment972 Words   |  4 Pagesin Australia. It wasn t until I encountered a wild dolphin at Clearwater beach, Florida that I decided to be a marine biologist. The dolphin was so friendly and welcoming, swimming by me and my brother and allowing us to stroke his slimy skin. That experience will stick with me forever and is a huge part of why I want to pursue a career in marine biology. When I chose to be a marine biologist, my parents were very supportive. They would take us to the beach as much as possible for vacations, butRead MoreOcean and Resources1398 Words   |  6 PagesSeas and oceans provide various types of resources to human beings and habitats to numerous species of plants and animals. They play very important roles in the economy of a nation and its people. Still, the marine and coastal ecosystems are under severe stress due to human activities. Ocean Resources The ocean is one of Earth s most valuable natural resources. It provides food in the form of fish and shellfish—about 200 billion pounds are caught each year. It s used for transportation—both travelRead More Diversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2 Ocean Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2Ocean Red algae, Rhodophyta, is easily identified in the marine environment because it appears as a red color. There are many different species, originating from many different corners of the Earth. The ocean biome in the Biosphere 2 was constructed using raw seawater off the coast of Southern California, which contained many different unknown species of algae. During the construction of the biome, other known species of algae from variousRead MoreOceans: The Importance of Preserving this Delicate Marine Environment1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Oceans are the most diverse biomes in the world, for they cover 71% of the planet. Life in the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior than land, and it still has over  ¾ of all the habitats on Earth. Humans have always posed threats to the delicate marine environment, yet it still is thriving. Without the marine biome humans and other animals alike would not be in existence, for evolution of the first life would never have occurred, and w e would not have a strong enough atmosphere to support life

The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples

The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples It's simple to go off on your very own personal rant instead of actually answer the question. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capability to spark the interests of your readers. We're confident our tips can help you master the art of essay writing and get positive emotions in the practice of this task fulfilling. Keep an eye out for chances to reveal your analysis and attention to detail abilities. Human's very first relationship is quite important. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. An essay outline can help you organize the general structure of your essay. To do that you will need to set your essay off to an excellent start. The essay offers you an opportunity to reveal how effectively it is possible to read and comprehend a passage and compose an essay analyzing the passage. This essay examines the explanations for why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers a number of the issues with this technique of assessment. Descriptive essay topics might be either easier or tougher. Be sure to follow along with the suitable format, consisting of the general sections of an essay. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. In order for this kind of essay to be productive, the researching of the topic has to be thorough and well balanced. Picking the very best advice is definitely hard because I feel all them are the very best advices for me. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. In here you'll observe examples on various subjects in some specific formatting styles and of distinct kinds of essays. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. This essay will appear at a few of the most crucial parts of advice a fantastic parent can have, which will hopefully result in a good' parenting. It is essential for the child to produce strong nutritious attachments with not only parents, but in addition with different individuals, like their grandparents or caregivers. Parents are important, for the reason that they are the major example for their child on the best way to interact with the world and the way they ought to lead their life. Being a first-time parent can be an extremely challenging and hard period in an individual's life. The Lost Secret of Advice Essay Samples There exists many thin gs that results in termination. Behavioral assessment is a procedure of measuring a persons behavior in line with the observable qualities of a person. For example, the behavior of an individual is largely affected by the place he is rather than he environmental ailments. According to this approach, it is determined by external environmental factors. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Your MBA essays are your very best opportunity to sell the individual behind the resume. Persuasive essays are intended to be convincing, this might be to buy a given product or maybe to earn a call to action. Firstly to grasp What a Literary Evaluation Essay means, it is a choice to determine and perceive the job of a writer, even if it's a single work or a whole physique of work. It is possible to also become different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Another reaso n it's the ideal advice, it encourages me. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Therefore it is critical that help is at hand. The Hidden Treasure of Advice Essay Samples Even though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be regarded as an afterthought. As the last paragraph is represents your final opportunity to create your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. The previous sentence provides the reply to the essay question. A couple of sentences can avoid confusion and create your essay much simpler to read. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to discover some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. Second, a superb writer is a person who makes things simple to understand for the readers. Finally, he keeps fo cus. Consequently, to be a great writer you need to be punctual and authentic.

How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society Free Essays

Topic: How to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society? Every people want to live freely to do whatever they want in a society with freedom and want to communicate with every social groups or governments to build up a good community. If we want to ensure individual freedom I shall briefly that what is the freedom and community is? Freedom is the power or rights to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Community means that all people living in a particular area or place which call local communities. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society? or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society? First of all, Individual freedom is talk about people is given rights to pursue life, liberty and happiness. To ensure individual freedom in society is security. Security is the most important point for the individual freedom because security is the degree of protection to safeguard for citizens live in country. If the country does not maintenance the security for the citizens or in society have not well developed in security, so the citizens or in society have no freedom to act or rights to do everything and it might be harm in society. But if the society does maintenance the security for the citizens or this country in society will have no war. And also a country which provides citizens live in freedom under well developed in security in everything that they feel free to do anything they want. Hence, people have individual freedom that want to do everything freely because freedom is born out of an understanding of natural law and natural consequences and that drive each of us to be personality responsible for our own actions, to be self-reliant in our thinking and in our work. Second, to ensure individual freedom in society is self-autonomy because self-autonomy is a self-governing in society whom responds for our own actions in society. If we have self-autonomy to do something, to govern in our own decision in society, it seems that we strongly have ability to do everything. So self-autonomy is another point that seek to individual freedom. For the community-building is creation or enhancement of community among ndividual within regional area or with common interest. To improve community-building we have to make social capital. Because social capital produce a sense of belonging which make an increasing overall health of community. Social capital is a social group that cooperated between citizens and governments that participates in society. To increase evidence shows that social capital cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is focus on social relations that have productive benefits. It is the most important participates in this society is to make social group and the governments make it to the strong system one to ensure which mean to build up the local communities or social truth governments and create more policies. Thus, to ensure community-building in society is we have social capital which have group of social or governments cooperating to build up the strong community. To sum up, we seems to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society have many reasons or explanations to describe. For reasons or explanations to ensure individual freedom are security and self-autonomy. If every people live in society does have individual freedom which means that their society must have well developed in security and have self-autonomy. But for the ensure community-building is about social capital which means that all citizens and governments work together with a good community in society. How to cite How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society?, Papers

The John Lewis Partnership - Motivation free essay sample

John Lewis, Waitrose and Ocado: distinctively successful Analyse and comment on ‘the John Lewis Partnership’ approach to the welfare of its workers in relation to different theories of motivation. Fda Business Year 1 HR186 – Understanding Organisations 29th November 2010 Table of Contents Introduction Page 1 The Partners Page 1-2 Motivational Influences Page 2-3 Money Page 3-4 The Theory Page 4-5 Conclusion Page 5-6 Introduction With relation to different theories, motivation has derived more from behaviour than need. Although without need, there is not an understanding of the motivational process requirements within an organisation. The John Lewis Partnership has evolved over the past century, owing a proportion of its success to its industrial democratic structure. The approach to the welfare of its workers is its co-ownership, making the workers the main assets within the organisation. The employees are more than just a workforce; they are the Partners of the business. The Partners With the industrial democracy demonstrated, there is not a requirement for a union. We will write a custom essay sample on The John Lewis Partnership Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Workers have the responsibility to choose and elect 80% of representatives in their Partnership council, though the employees do not run the business. There are 4 Principles on which the Partnership centres its motivation skills; purpose, power, profit and its members. The diversity within the organisation is based upon equal opportunities, treating every member with respect and as individuals. Tracey Killen, Director of Personnel believes, Our aim is to be a business where our leaders feel confident with, and have a full understanding of the diversity in their teams, so that they can ensure Partners have a consistent, equitable, and motivating experience of the Partnership. This goes to the heart of our ultimate purpose and drives business advantage. Available @ John Lewis Website 2nd November 2010. http://www. johnlewispartnership. co. uk/Display. aspx? =74681741-bda8-4258-840b-f4eb1ad2e05c=633. Partner Happiness’ comes from the satisfaction, shared responsibility and the benefits provided to the workforce. The benefits include an annual bonus, pension schemes and discounts, generous holiday entitlements, leisure facilities and several estates to house the workers and their families. Each week the †supreme purpose. the fairest possible sharing by all members of all advantages of ownership-gain, knowledge, and power. † This will promote greater happiness in working life, satisfying the mind and spirit of employees. Based on Labor-Management Relations 10th November 2010 http://heinonline. rg/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals=hein. journals/ialrr22=56= Motivational influences F . W Taylors influence over the twentieth century (1856-1917), alongside the social change in politics, appeared to be the reason John Lewis took his courageous step of leaving the family run business, to be the founder of the highly successful organisation widely known on our high street today. F W Taylor (1947) perceived that the resulting increase in working efficiency would improve the status of labour and society in general. Mackay, 2007, Elsevier Ltd, 1st edition, page 37. His father and brother earned between them a salary of more than their entire workforce. Mr Lewis began to foresee his future and the realism of bringing equality into the workforce. The equity theory of motivation, which can be associated with Adams work, was inspired from realising that every person requires the equalisation of the next. Within the work environment, an ‘equal status’ requires no competitiveness against another individual. Behaviour becomes of a positive nature, having the capabilities to achieve goals and show a level of effort, responsibility and initiative. Though originally outlined by Benjamin Franklin, in recent years, McClelland (1965) formulated a motive acquisition process that included goal-setting and planning, of which are essential for change to occur. Cherniss Goleman, Jossey Bass, 1st edition, page 248. Money Organisations which are based on shares are not only the reason for motivation but are an inevitable stimulation to the workers. Every member will receive an amount of between 6-9 weeks wages per annum based upon the profits earned within that financial year. The Tory proposal for core public services to be owned and managed by employee-owned co-operatives contains a number of ideas rolled into one. The two most important are: 1) organisations perform better where staff have a direct financial stake in their success or failure; 2) the role of the state should be limited to providing funds and monitoring outcomes. Available @ BBC Website 15th November 2010. http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/02/the_john_lewis_state. tml During difficult economic situations, The John Lewis Partnership has not fallen but continued to grow at a substantial rate. The workers are motivated by the bonuses they receive. Benefits are generated upon the profits earned through satisfaction of service to the customer. The employee’s behaviour is a need to achieve in all aspects of the business in order to continue with its financial growth which is shown in appendix 1. Not everybody sees this motivation as a reward but a reduction in performance and effort, with money benefits being highly adequate. Is there a need to achieve higher? analysts such as Jensen and Meckling (1979) have argued the opposite: that profit-sharing will reduce performance. Rather than rewarding personal effort directly, profit-sharing gives each worker only a fraction of any additional benefit due to his or her own effort. This fails to increase the incentive to work in the manner of individualized pay schemes, and it increases the importance of peer monitoring in maintaining effort levels. Based on Industrial Relations:A Journal of Economy and Society 15th November 2010. http://onlinelibrary. iley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1468-232X. 1990. tb00760. x/pdf The Theory Frederick Herzberg (1956) worked as an American psychologist whose research extended to what motivated a human at work and the satisfaction of an individual within their job. This work was known to of complemented Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. Herzberg’s theory was based on 2 factors; hygiene and motivators (intrinsic). The hygi ene factor known as ‘dissatisfiers’ are tangibles such as pay, company policy and relationships, which play only a small part in the motivation of a person. Motivator factor known as ‘satisfiers’, derives from fulfilling the hygiene factors such as achievement, responsibility and promotion. Only unsatisfied needs will motivate a person. The Partners co-ownership status of the business allows them to achieve adequate satisfaction from the responsibility they withhold. When the employee’s have reached their required goal, they shall receive rewards of worthy bonuses alongside highly paid salaries. Conclusion In relation to Maslow’s hierarchy theory within a large organisation, every individual has a different need. The reality of fulfilling these needs is not easily achievable, though can be arguably, dependant on the type of needs required. John Lewis has the capabilities of meeting the needs of his workforce by the variation of benefits offered both internally and externally of the work place. From promoting both work and leisure benefits, this enables the Partnership to balance work and home lifestyles which also will become a strong influence in committing the workers to the business for a majority of their work life. The workers are attracted to the money and bonuses they receive, as throughout life everybody in some way shall be influenced and motivated by the fulfilment and need to have or obtain money. Seemingly, the John Lewis Partnership may have to find new ways of motivation beyond money if the economy struggles to stabilise. Responsibility without sufficient pay might not be enough to keep the Partnership at its current level of successfulness. However, appendix 2 indicates that organisations such as the John Lewis Partnership have a greater resilience to such difficult economic times and that we should be looking at how this ownership model could benefit the economy as a whole. Bibliography Cherniss Goleman, Jossey Bass, 1st edition, page 248. http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/02/the_john_lewis_state. html http://www. johnlewispartnership. co. uk/Display. aspx? =74681741-bda8-4258-840b-f4eb1ad2e05c=633. http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1468-232X. 1990. tb00760. x/pdf Labor-Management Relations http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals=hein. journals/ialrr22=56=. Mackay, 2007, Elsevier Ltd, 1st edition, page 37. Appendices Appendix 1 : Partnership weekly sales figures for last week (to 6 November 2010) Appendix 2: Employee ownership model shows greater resilience Wednesday 10 February 2010 Research published today finds that companies owned by their employees are more resilient than conventionally structured companies, outperforming the market during the downturn and demonstrating a lower risk of business failure. The report Model Growth: Do employee-owned businesses deliver sustainable performance? was commissioned by the John Lewis Partnership and is based on research by Cass Business School, including an in-depth survey of senior executives and analysis of the financial data of over 250 companies. The research finds that the employee ownership model offers particular advantages to small and medium-sized businesses and in knowledge and skill-intensive sectors, where employee-owned companies significantly outperform competitors. Employee-owned firms also create new jobs more quickly and add more value to output and human capital than conventionally structured businesses, whilst demonstrating the same levels of profitability. Professor Joseph Lampel, one of the reports authors, comments: Resilience the ability of firms to sustain employment and growth during difficult economic conditions has been neglected as a crucial aspect of company performance over the past two decades. Instead, business strategy and public policy have been dominated by an unremitting focus on maximising share value. In the current economic conditions, business leaders and policy makers should be looking again at the resilience associated with the employee ownership model and how it could benefit the economy as a whole. The report also identifies barriers to the growth of employee-owned companies. It finds that some have difficulties obtaining favourable financing from institutions that are more accustomed to dealing with listed companies, and that they also face more regulatory and policy challenges than businesses with other ownership structures. The report is written by Professor Joseph Lampel and Dr Ajay Bhalla from Cass Business School and Dr Pushkar Jha from Newcastle University Business School. It was produced with the support of the Employee Ownership Association, which represents nearly 100 companies wholly or substantially owned by their employees, including the John Lewis Partnership.

Essay on Disaster Management Reflections

Essay on Disaster Management Reflections Essay on Disaster Management Reflections Example Essay on Disaster Management Reflections: The earth has been affected by the natural hazards over a long time as man emerged into picture the picture that the natural occurrences were becoming disaster, together with being documented in various ways providing a warning for the future generation. However in 1920, there was a published study referred to as the catastrophe and social change by Henry Samuel Prince. This was the Halifax Disaster documented account and the occurrence of the social change. The first person to deliver evidence based study was Prince, by use of theory founding a paradigm which paved way for the management of disaster to be studied (Sperling, 2004). A change in social can be caused by disasters. Social change always is not for better depending on affected population resources (Oliver, 2002). Change in disaster study started changing with theories like as Carr discussing a cultural protection collapse. Carr made a discussion on how we got the tools in place encountering the act of disasters though if there was lack of these tools there was no more protection. Disaster is any occurrence that causes ecological disruption, damage, human life loss, health services and health deterioration on sufficient scale to warrant response extraordinary from the outside area or community affected (De Boer, 2000). In addition, it can be also defined as the series or event which disrupts the normal activities seriously. Disaster means a sudden or great misfortune. This may include tsunami; fires; floods; droughts; flood and many others. The major disasters naturally may include earthquake, cyclone, flood, and drought. Minor disasters naturally include storm, heat waves, cold wave, mud slides, and thunderstorm. The major disasters that may occur in man made activities include deforestation, fires, setting of fires, and pollution due to their prawn activities. Minor man made occurrence of disasters may include accidents on the roads or trains, riots, industrial riots, food poisoning, and environmental pollution. In history throughout disasters had some impacts significantly on the number, life style and health status of the population such as death, shortage of food, movements of the population, damage of water systems and the health facilities, and severe injuries which requires treatment extensive. Health problem that is common to every disaster include mental health, social reactions, nutrition and food, climatic exposure, health infrastructure damage, and population displacement. Whether a disaster is man- made or natural, it can occur at anytime and anywhere. General response to any disaster is thereby in terms of rescue and relief operations which are after the event. If we are well and adequately prepared, it is very easy to reduce the impact of that disaster. There can be reduction of the impact through being aware by understanding well the preventive actions, together with having knowledge of particular tools and techniques; at the time of disaster event these tools and techniques can be used to control total damage to belongings and life. The biggest problem and very sad thing is the way a disaster occur; they occur with swiftness and suddenness hence, for a disaster serenity to be reduced, the response has to be swift equally(De Boer, 2000). It is hard for a day to pass without news about complex or major emergency happening in different parts of the world, as disasters continue to strike causing destruction to both developed and undeveloped countries (Dyregrov, 1999). This raises vulnerability concern to occurrences that may affect gravely our daily lives and the future. In vulnerable populations, some emergency in particular those occurring in nature become catastrophic events only when they are in combination with the vulnerability factors like populations density and the human settlements. An occurrence of earthquake in deserted area is might be considered as a natural hazard, rather than if it occurred in mega city where it is recognized as major disaster (Stewart, 2005). Any type of emergency that has anything to do with vulnerability population together with man made included, concerns some technological disasters like the ones of chemicals or nuclear; these demonstrates complex and major emergencies are linked closely to an anarchic growth population that leads to poverty, unplanned population settlements, and environmental degradation. Disasters themselves have no limitation to specific parts of world. There are no countries that are disaster immune, but there is variance in disaster vulnerability (Sperling, 2005). However, some countries might be more prone to a particular type of disaster. The more advanced a country is, the level of their preparedness is slightly higher. High level of preparedness enhances them have good control over loss. Some disasters where loss during actual event is not required as high, hence losses become a bit high due to the inability in managing the situation in a timed manner. Another thing that might lead to a big loss during certain disasters is the secure utilities and properly manages inability (Pearce, 2003). In one way these utilities tend to be very important, and on the other hand, due to ruptures or leakage, some of them might be in contact with each other, where they are not supposed to therefore leading to further damage. The most important thing and the most motivation of disaster management are minimizing losses at disaster time together with ensuring that resources are utilized effectively; as they are scarce already. The major disasters naturally may include earthquake, cyclone, flood, and drought. Minor disasters naturally include storm, heat waves, cold wave, mud slides, and thunderstorm. The major disasters that may occur in man made activities include deforestation, fires, setting of fires, and pollution due to their prawn activities. Minor man made occurrence of disasters may include accidents on the roads or trains, riots, industrial riots, food poisoning, and environmental pollution. There are four types of disaster mainly. These include environmental emergencies, natural disasters, pandemic disasters, and complex disasters. Disaster prevention is activities that are designed for provision of permanent disasters protection. Not every disaster can be prevented and particularly natural disasters; the loss risk of injury and life can be only mitigated with plans of good evacuation, design standards and environmental planning. Disaster preparedness is activities for life loss and damage minimization (Pearce, 2003). Preparedness is the best way of reducing disasters impact. Disaster relief is a multi-agency coordinated response of reducing disaster impact and its results of long-term. These activities may include relocation, rescue, water and food provision, preventing disability and disease, repair of vital services like transport, provision of temporary shelter and health care emergency. Once the needs of emergency has been accomplished and the crisis is initially over, those affected together with the community supporting them remain vulnerable. Management of disaster is linked with the development sustainably, in particular with vulnerable people relation like the ones with disability, children, elderly people and groups marginalized. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, dissertations, courseworks, book reviews, lab reports, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to buy online essay on Disaster Management from our professional essay writing service.

The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493)

The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) How was the first voyage of Columbus to the New World undertaken, and what was its legacy? Having convinced the King and Queen of Spain to finance his voyage, Christopher Columbus departed mainland Spain on August 3, 1492. He quickly made port in the Canary Islands for a final restocking and left there on September 6. He was in command of three ships: the Pinta, the Nià ±a, and the Santa Marà ­a. Although Columbus was in overall command, the Pinta was captained by Martà ­n Alonso Pinzà ³n and the Nià ±a by Vicente Yaà ±ez Pinzà ³n. First Landfall: San Salvador On October 12, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Pinta, first sighted land. Columbus himself later claimed that he had seen a sort of light or aura before Triana did, allowing him to keep the reward he had promised to give to  whoever spotted land first. The land turned out to be a small island in the present-day Bahamas. Columbus named the island San Salvador, although he remarked in his journal that the natives referred to it as Guanahani. There is some debate over which island was Columbus’ first stop; most experts believe it to be San Salvador, Samana Cay, Plana Cays or Grand Turk Island. Second Landfall: Cuba Columbus had explored five islands in the modern-day Bahamas before he made it to Cuba. He reached Cuba on October 28, making landfall at Bariay, a harbor near the eastern tip of the island. Thinking he had found China, he sent two men to investigate. They were Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, a converted Jew who spoke Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic in addition to Spanish. Columbus had brought him as an interpreter. The two men failed in their mission to find the Emperor of China  but did visit a native Taà ­no village. There they were the first to observe the smoking of tobacco, a habit which they promptly picked up. Third Landfall: Hispaniola Leaving Cuba, Columbus made landfall on the Island of Hispaniola on December 5. The natives called it Haità ­, but Columbus renamed it La Espaà ±ola, a name which was later changed to Hispaniola when Latin texts were written about the discovery. On December 25, the Santa Marà ­a ran aground and had to be abandoned. Columbus himself took over as captain of the Nià ±a, as the Pinta had become separated from the other two ships. Negotiating with the local chieftain Guacanagari, Columbus arranged to leave 39 of his men behind in a small settlement, named La Navidad. Return to Spain On January 6, the Pinta arrived, and the ships were reunited: they set out for Spain on January 16. The ships arrived in Lisbon, Portugal, on March 4, returning to Spain shortly after that. Historical Importance of Columbus First Voyage In retrospect, it is somewhat surprising that what is today considered one of the most important voyages in history was something of a failure at the time. Columbus had promised to find a new, quicker route to the lucrative Chinese trade markets and he failed miserably. Instead of holds full of Chinese silks and spices, he returned with some trinkets and a few bedraggled natives from Hispaniola. Some 10 more had perished on the voyage. Also, he had lost the largest of the three ships entrusted to him. Columbus actually considered the natives his greatest find. He thought that a new slave trade could make his discoveries lucrative. Columbus was hugely disappointed a few years later when Queen Isabela, after careful thought, decided not to open the New World to slave trading. Columbus never believed that he had found something new. He maintained, to his dying day, that the lands he discovered were indeed part of the known Far East. In spite of the failure of the first expedition to find spices or gold, a much larger second expedition was approved, perhaps in part due to Columbus’ skills as a salesman. Sources Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. 1st edition, Random House, June 1, 2004.

Modern Chinese Culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Chinese Culture - Term Paper Example   As seen in the work of Dafu, a young Chinese man studying in Japan is drawn with self-esteem issues, distrust, fear, frustration, hypochondria and even solitude (31-55). This man can be related to China in the then period when the country was still caught in the conservative and customary way of life prior to modernization and westernization. China can then be related to the adolescent young man studying in Japan and was awaiting the day when he would emancipate himself from the forms of â€Å"slavery† that were existent in the times.  Writers and artists in early modern era have continually lived up to the meaning of the metaphor of China being an adolescent youth reaching puberty. As seen in the work of Dafu, a young Chinese man studying in Japan is drawn with self-esteem issues, distrust, fear, frustration, hypochondria and even solitude (31-55). This man can be related to China in the then period when the country was still caught in the conservative and customary way of life prior to modernization and westernization. China can then be related to the adolescent young man studying in Japan and was awaiting the day when he would emancipate himself from the forms of â€Å"slavery† that were existent in the times.   From Dafu’s work, China can be said to be in a state of confusion just like the modern Chinese man in Japan that was experiencing several clashes in his life and was in a fix whether to be liberalized or retain his old lifestyle.

How has the treatment of cancer evolved over the past 10 years Research Paper - 1

How has the treatment of cancer evolved over the past 10 years - Research Paper Example cannot imagine the circulation of blood in the veins and arteries of the body, not only this, but if blood is not circulated then the liver may cease to perform its function and in turn, kidney shall stop filtering the waste out of the body. If waste is not excreted out of the body then it will obstruct the digestion procedure and hence the process of assimilation will be hindered and ultimately the body will lack the energy that it requires to perform various tasks and thus one can imagine how the machinery inside the body functions. The most significant components, however, in the body that lays the foundation of the entire human structure are cells. Cells in medical terms are known to be the building blocks of a human body. Every organ is composed of these cells. Blood circulation is the most important condition that is to be met for the continuation of life in a body cannot take place without the presence of cells. But the paradox is, if these cells start growing unnecessarily than they may prove to be as dangerous as being fatal. Cells in a human body are produced by the multiplication of existing cells and splitting of these cells provides the human body with its cell requirement from time to time. When the body does not require some cells, they die and are drained out of the body in various forms. However if the cells began to divide and give birth to more cells without the body needing them then this causes complexities in the body and leads to a disease known to us as cancer. Cancer is the abnormal growt h of body cells and it may take place at any portion of the body. Growth of the human body is a natural phenomenon and it takes place by virtue of the dispensable ability of the body cells. A cell divides into two, two divides into four and four into eight and so on and so forth, as per the body requirement. The DNA in the cells contains all the information regarding growth or demise of cells in the body if this information is corrupted, by reasons to be

An Analysis of Beyond Parental Control (BPC)

An Analysis of Beyond Parental Control (BPC) Over the years, parents seeking Beyond Parental Control (BPC) order from the Juvenile Court has increased drastically, in particular during economic downturns. When Singapore was gripped by an economic recession from 2008 2009, the number of applications for BPC increased. 744 applications were filed last year, compared to 720 in 2008 and 673 in 2007 (Eisen, 2009). In any case, it is worthy to note that the perennial issue has seen an increased in delinquent girls forcing parents to apply for BPC and handing over to the court to take control of their daughters. This essay will attempt to discuss the background of BPC and critically analyse the issues faced by the parents and youth. The second part of the essay will define the relevant theories which will be applicable to the issue and relate examples to further illustrate the theories. Thirdly, media effect and their role of reporting the juvenile crimes especially on the problematic girls will also be discussed upon. Last but not l east, recommendations on the way forward for juvenile crimes and prevention methods will be deliberated. Background and Trending of BPC In light of the increasing juvenile crimes over the years, the Beyond Parental Control order was instituted in 1997 and Singapore is the only country in the world which instituted such an order to deal with juvenile delinquency (Balhetchet, 2010). According to Ministry of Community Development Youth and Sports (MCYS, 2010), Children Beyond Parental Control refer to children below 16 years of age who is observed to display certain behavioral problems in school or at home. The gathered statistics proved to be alarming as the number of BPCs applied by parents or guardians has tripled over the last decade. In February 1999, one of the Subordinate Court research bulletins (1999) highlighted that an average of 200 BPC complaints were lodged at the Juvenile Court annually. However, in comparison, an increasing trend of BPC applications was observed for the past 3 years (2009: 744, 2008: 720, and 2007: 673). Moreover, the statistics gathered seems to suggest that an economic downturn between 2008 to 2009 could have attributed to the incremental trend. This was also observed during the recession in 2001 when the number of applications for BPC doubled from 244 to 598 cases in the following year (Eisen, 2009 Serene, 2010). According to another set of statistics from Singapore Police Force, there was an increase of 1.2% in the overall crime rate for the last 2 years (SPF, 2010). Elsewhere in United States, while arrests of male juveniles have increased since 2002, statistics for female juveniles have spiked alarmingly. According to US federal statistics in 2003, 25% of the arrested juveniles were females. In comparison to ten years ago, female juveniles only clocked approximately 10% of the arrest made by the police (Geoffrey, 2005). Social Demographics of BPC cases One of the researches conducted by Subordinate Courts in 1999 studied on 379 BPC cases. To understand the nature of the complaints filed, the study includes their family and social backgrounds and demographic profiles. From the research, 49% of the juveniles parents were married, while a substantial figure of the juveniles parents were either divorced (37%), widowed (7%), single parents (3%), separated (3%) or cohabiting (1%). Most of their parents are low-skilled workers and the average household income is less than $2000. The reported figures somehow lead to the assumption that more than half of the BPC cases came from low income and broken families. Most of the parents already spend so much time earning for a living so that the earned money can be given to their children. As they have been working and tend to neglect their children, they have little energy left to gain their attention and communicate with them (Serene, 2009). However, Dr Carol Balhetchet, director of Youth Service s at the Singapore Childrens Society feels otherwise. She shared that the generation has evolved and in recent years, most of the problematic children who face court orders or under warrant arrest by the police come from a complete home (Joan, Chia, He Ong, 2008). Similar to Dr Carols claim, 69% of new probation cases (according to MCYS) in 2006 involved delinquent youth who come from 2 parent families. Another worrying data collated from the study by Subordinate Courts revealed that a total of 65% of the BPC cases were committed by girls whereas male only constituted the remaining 35%. Although a recent trending (as of Sep 10) by Youth Services Centre as elaborated by Dr Carol during a face-to-face session with her, revealed that BPC cases involving girls has generally decreased over the decade (boys: 49% and girls: 51%), 267 BPC cases (out of 523 cases) involving girls is definitely of a concern not only to parents, but to the society as well (Balhetchet, 2010). The next part of the essay will critically discuss and analyze some of the causal factors and problems faced by parents, the children and the society. Why did it happen and who to blame? One may ask, why are some of the girls wilder and getting into trouble? According to a social worker, the sharp increase of problematic girls could be a result of changing attitudes towards bringing up daughters (Roaul, 1997). While parents claimed that they will raise their daughters no differently from their sons, studies by experts have shown that boys and girls are nurtured differently due to the fact that by virtue, boys and girls behave differently due to the genetic differences (Ames Haber, 1989). Boys are perceived to be active and often get into trouble, but when their daughters behave similarly, parents gave up and hand them over to the Court. This may breed resentment in the girls and inadvertently cause Parent-Child relationship to be severely strained. Henceforth, the girls may run away from home and skip school (Roaul, 1997). A typical case is that of a 13-year old girl whose parents applied to the Juvenile Court for BPC order when she is reported to have skipped schoo l and hang out with men twice her age. She became resentful and stay away from home when she is aware that her parents have handed her to the Court (Radha, 2008). Moreover, girls running away from home are often susceptible to committing a variety of crimes, such as shoplifting, rioting, theft and even to the extent of prostitution to survive (McCormack et al., 1986; Phelps, McIntosh, Jesudason, Warner, Pohlkamp, 1982).When a child commits a deviance act, parents tend to ask why do you do that? Based on the Control and Social Bond theories, control theorists hypothesize that crime and deviancy is a natural occurrence in the society simply because all human beings have an innate to commit crime (Jones, 2009). Therefore, when parents need to deal with their deviant children, they should explain to them Why you should not do that. Similarly, Hirschi (1969) claimed that there is no requirement to explain why people commit such acts because delinquency is not caused by beliefs that requ ire delinquency but rather, it is only possible by the absence of effective beliefs that forbids delinquency. In essence, child nurturing starts from young and good child rearing practices will definitely facilitate positive socialization process within the family and the childs circle of friends. Conversely, bad parental skills and negative influences are contributing factors to deviancy acts committed by their children. Studies have revealed that the quality of parent-child relationships is largely associated with some of the high-risk health behaviours such as consumption of alcohol, smoking, drug abuse and sexually risky behaviors. For instance, several large-scale pediatric surveys have discovered that parents who are smokers themselves are more likely to have children who smoke (Green et al., 1990). Another research by Berk (1997) has shown that family members behavior and habits, socialization patterns, environmental influence and a childs inborn personality traits will shape the childs cognitive development and behavior as they grow up. In addition, positive parenting styles with a balance of control and warmth are very beneficial to the childs development in which a rational and consultative approach by parents and children rights are mutually agreed and respected (Subordinate Courts, 2001). On the contrary, parents who are only interested in making money and neglect their children unknowingly must bear the responsibility when their children are recalcitrant and belligerent. A study by Ozawa and Loh (2000) analyze that most fathers of the juvenile offenders appear to be uninvolved, neglecting and permissive towards their child. Generally, fathers, being the bread winners of the family are often not involved in their childs growth and development. The treatment for gender differences is that fathers tend to exert more authority on boys whereas for girls, fathers are usually more permissive and leave it to their mother to handle. As for mothers, they ar e generally observed to be permissive. Although mothers tend to be more caring and loving, their permissive attitudes could ultimately lead to teen delinquency because they may not be exercising control over their children and thus indirectly allowing them to continue with their misbehavior. From the analysis made by Ozawa and Loh, it appears that a deadly combination (which is common in the society) of permissive-neglecting and uninvolved father, matching with a permissive mother is a formula for disaster to happen at home. What we can hypothesize is that low control of children especially female juveniles can potentially lead to delinquency. Behavioral Problems of Youths Nevertheless, looking at another perspective, the parents may not be entirely at fault because the children could be influenced by the environment. According to the Anomie and Strain theory, Merton (1997) described the materialistic dream of being successful and wealthy. Not everyone is entitled and have the opportunity to achieve the goal. Hence, this dissonance between the goal of being wealthy and the structural limitations that prevent people from achieving the goal causes strain within the community. Such strain will therefore cause people to commit deviant acts illegitimately to achieve such desires. As the cognitive development of a juvenile is still premature at this stage, the thought of committing crimes to fulfill certain desires will supersede the moral values that are taught in the school. Accordingly to statistics, the top 3 crimes committed by juveniles are shoplifting, theft and rioting (Subordinate Courts, 2004). When they are in need of money, they will resort to st ealing, extortion and bullying, and prostitution for girls. Typically, a case of a 13-year old girl joined a gang and inherited all the bad habits such as smoking, drinking, glue-sniffing, stealing and rioting. When her father applied for Beyond Parental Control and eventually remanded in Girls Home, she was only 14 year-old (Joan, Chia, He Ong, 2008). Besides that, more girls, as young as 10, are also experimenting with sex. In 2006, teenagers constituted 12,000 abortions that were done in Singapore. Girls who turned to prostitution gave reasons such as financial problems and needed money to buy branded goods. For instance, a 15 year-old girl who needed money and turned to prostitution was pregnant (Carolyn Kimberly, 2009). Many girls have reported that sexual exploitation has somehow affected their eventual entrance into prostitution (Silbert Pines, 1981). At times, they might have been wronged or abused by their parents or guardians as much as they have done wrong. Take it for instance, a girl who had run away from home, was molested by her father before she turned to prostitution. Before she was even 16, she has had slept with countless men and contracted Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) (Serene, 2010). But in the eyes of the law, having sex with girls below 16 years old can be charged for statutory rape. If found guilty, offenders can be jailed up to 20 years and fined and caned. More parents are giving up on their delinquent daughters than sons and seeking assistance from the Juvenile Court. According to the Research Bulletin from Subordinate Courts (1999), some of the more serious delinquent behaviors that were encountered are beyond control, running away from home, involve in gangs, taking drugs and unlawful sexual experiences. Other problems such as rude and violent to teachers, smoking and play truancy in school were also observed in the study. Another aspect of delinquency is the youths exposure to various media such as the internet. In the current Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the child and even the parents are constantly engaged in their I-phones, laptops and internet. Because of such exposure and freedom to use the internet, Professor Winslow, a psychiatrist said that teenagers find it a thrill in obtaining and watching pornography on the internet and they are far more sexualized (Shuli, 2008). Besides that, coupled with lack of parents or adult supervision and boredom, things can get complicated when teenagers are left alone. Even when parents are at home, they have little energy left after a long day at work especially when both parents are working. Some parents faced the difficulty of gaining their childrens attention, who even if they are physically at home, are preoccupy with their online games, chatting with friends online and surfing the internet. Gone are the days where children and parents share a family phone, television, or even computer (Serene, 2010). Problems and issues between the children and parents begin to escalate when there is a lack of proper communication as well as mutual trust and support. The cognitive development of a child is largely dependent on their parents. Juvenile delinquency is often traced back to the youths family and social life. Other than trust and support, parents must show that they are keen to engage in their children. Such care and concern from parents would definitely enable their children to open up and share their woes and problems (Jonathan, 2010). Besides medias influence on juvenile, cyber bullying among girls is another worrying trend, abetted by the constant usage of the Internet and mobile phones today. Victims are exploited and bullied by unknown culprits hiding behind the computer screens. For example, on the blogs, victims are abused using expletives and obscene messages, pictures are vandalized and vicious rumours about the victims are broadcasted and made known to everyone. Studies made by Janssen, Craig, Boyce and Pickett (2004) proved that these groups of people are often victimized. In addition, children who are labeled as having lower levels of social acceptance and higher levels of social rejection among their peers are often found to be victims of bullies as well. (Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Bjorkqvist, Osterman, Kaukiainen, 1996). As the internet is easily available and as simple as one click, the bully does not need to face the victim and their doings can spread like wildfire (Joan, Chia, He Ong, 2008). However , cyber-bullying does not constitute to be a crime. Where cyber-bullying could be serious and consequential, it may be relevant and appropriate for the law to step in to impose penalties on bullies. Under the Penal code, the only law that can be associated is Non-Physical Acts under Section 13b of Cap 224 where offenders display any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting may be fined not exceeding $2000 (Singapore Statutes). Likewise for other countries like Australia, under the NSW Crimes Act, harassing or intimidating a school student while the student is at school is considered a criminal offence. But this offence has its limits as it can only be applied to traditional off-line bullying and activities happening in school (Abrahams Dunn, 2009). Although laws are institutionalized, but such laws do not bring charges to cyber-bullies. That is why victims have been reported to retaliate against the bullies, in horrifying ways elsewhe re (Boulton, 1993). In one of the reports by United States Secret Service cited by Dake, Price, and Telljohann (2003), students who were involved in those deadly shooting in United States cited bulling as one of the strong motivation factors to commit such crimes. The report highlighted that 25 out of the 37 school shootings examined, involved attackers who felt marginalized, bullied and persecuted before the attacks took place. Some even reported that such bullying and harassment had in fact been ongoing for awhile (Dake et al., 2003; Mayer, Ybarra, Fogliatti, 2001). On the other extreme, there were cases reported that children committed suicide after being bullied by classmates. In fact, numerous cases of such incidents have been reported in the media (Kumpulainen et al., 1998; Smith, Talamelli, Cowie, Naylor, Cauhan, 2004). Medias Influence and Portrayal of Crimes Even in Singapore, a newspaper reported a 16-year old girl who committed suicide after being bullied by classmates for several years (The New Paper, 26 September 2005). Sometimes, one may wonder why such incidents were not spotted by the schools especially by the teachers. Had this incident be spotted by the teachers timely, it could have been prevented. In such incidents, the medias portrayal of crime transmits a strong signal to the public and at times, may have amplified the deviance. Such messages are crucial to serve as a warning for schools or parents to observe their children if there are certain tell-tale signs that indicate their children have encountered bullying cases. However, medias amplification of a criminal or deviance acts may result in moral panic and warrant greater scrutiny by the relevant authorities. The generation of moral panic will instill fear and public outcry within the community. For example, the recent incident of a teen who was hacked to death by 4 yout hs at Pair Ris Downtown East, amplified the criminal act (Straits Time reported the incident 5 days in a row in the headlines) and cause public outcry on such incidents (The Straits Time, 31 Oct 4 Nov 10). This would have an effect on the judges as they cannot ignore public opinion and hence might be influenced when passing the sentence (Jones, 2008) in view of media or public pressure. Studies from Leslie (1964) and Stan (1972) have shown that media is seen as an agent of deviance amplification and has the capability of influencing the publics opinion. In fact, the media does not have a role in the criminal justice system and they are supposed to only disseminate to the public about certain crimes and the governments official response to such crime. The media often uses phrases like the public is alarmed by or the public demands that. Ironically, the editors or journalists do not have a direct line to the publics opinion and they are seen to be the creators of opinion and not refl ecting the right message. An interview with a few people from the public does not necessarily represent the opinions from the entire population or the nation (Jones, 2008). Punishment and Treatment of Youths Beyond Parental Control As highlighted previously, Singapore is the only country that has instituted BPC order in Juvenile Courts. Essentially, these children are neither criminals nor offenders, but their rebellious and uncontrollable behavior may warrant serious attention by parents in which they apply to the Court for assistance to manage their children. By doing so may adversely strain or affect the parent-child relationship if such complaint made to the Court is successful. When the parents or guardian of a child can prove to a Juvenile Court that they are unable to control the child, the Court judge, under the Children and Young Persons Act Cap 38 Section 49, may order the child to be (1) remanded to an approved home not more than 3 years or (2) placed on Statutory Supervision for a specified period, of up to 3 years, under the supervision of a social worker (Subordinate Courts, 1999). Punishments meted out by such system are usually acted as a form of deterrence to juvenile from committing wrong doin gs and may eventually commit more serious crime when they grow up. Therefore, this kind of system is more inclined towards a classical approach as this theory is very policy oriented and concentrates on establishing and operating a criminal justice system that is rule-based, consistent and predictable (Joyce, 2006). End of the day, classicism focus on the act rather than the person committing. Unlike a criminal justice system where criminals are punished for their wrong doings, BPC act is not classified as a crime. As such, classical and positivist approaches are usually applied to such acts. During the process of the BPC application (which is seen to be positivist approach), parents and child will be advised to seek further assistance and treatment in the school or other social services such as Family Service Centre, Community Development Council, religious institutions and Youth Service Centre. Besides that, the child can also be referred to Beaconworks (a 6-month structured progr am) for counseling program. In addition, the Juvenile Court Judge has the prerogative to send both the parents and the child for additional counseling program with Singapore Children Society for a 4-week program (BPC, 2009). Rather than focusing on the law and the offence committed, the positivist approach (during the BPC application) looks into the contributing factors leading to deviance act committed by juvenile. It advocates treatment and rehabilitation over punishments (Jones, 2008). Ultimately, a deviance act may not be a product of rational choice but, rather, due to factors such as prematurity, influence from parents and peers over which juveniles have no control in. As youths who are still undergoing the process of growing up and maturity, the BPC order, which perceived to has a combination of punishment and treatment approach is appropriate and will therefore reduce overemphasis on rationality and idealistic, and yet do not overly concentrating on healing and treating the juvenile when the need arises. For example, when the child do not learnt the lesson and continue her delinquent act despite efforts made to treat her, the Juvenile Court will order her to be remanded in an approved Girls Home. Certainly, to prevent juvenile from leading astray and eventually being convicted, prevention measures must be implemented to arrest such situations from further developing. Recommendations and Preventions Problems and heated argument arise when there is a lack of communication and mutual support between youths and their parents. The development of a child is very much dependant on whether both the parents and the child have mutual understanding and support. When Juvenile delinquency is traced back, it is often the actions of the parents that ultimately will affect how the child behaves (Jonathan, 2010). If a child has established a positive relationship with the parents, it is postulated that they are more likely to disclose information to parents (Trost, 2000). Therefore in order to do so, parents must constantly show that they are keen in the childs interests. In essence, parents who are warm and supportive in interactions with their children are more likely to establish a positive parent-child relationship. In addition, it is also noted in one of the studies conducted by Steven and Daniel (1998) where greater parental involvement will improve the childs academic performance in scho ol. To put myself in a position of the role of parents, we should play an active role and constantly involved in our childs education, consistently demonstrating good parenting skills, interested in the childs development and show love, tender and care to their children. Furthermore, education, socialization and transmission of good values to the child should take place within the family environment. Values such as filial piety, respect, honesty, responsibility, contributing to the society, are critical building blocks that parents must advocate to their child (Zaleha, 2005). Nevertheless, youths cannot be strapped and controlled by parents all the time. Excessive control of their child might result in counterproductive and could lead to recalcitrant and belligerent behavior. Sometimes heavy-handed methods may not work for stubborn and strong headed youths. Therefore, parents should explore other methods and avoid using authoritarian style to deal with their child. Sometimes, treating yo uths as adults may be useful and they are given sufficient time and space to ponder the consequences of their actions (Ng, 2010). While parents play an imperative role in child nurturing, many are still being blamed for being incompetence in handling parenting challenges of this era. Increasingly, parents are facing difficulties domestic issues such as stabilizing their marriage, generating sufficient incomes for the families, taking care of their children and at the same time educating and nurturing them (Zaleha, 2005). However, such issues should never be part of parents excuses to dish out their parental responsibility to others such as appointing a guardian for their child, grandparents or even to the government. According to Dr Carol, too many parents are seen to farm out their parental responsibility to the State. In 2007, out of the 676 parents who applied for BPC orders, only 44 parents agreed to join the Beaconworks counseling program. Most parents cited reasons such as wor k commitments and since the counseling program is targeted for their child, they see no reason attending. One of the suggestions would be mandate parents to attend such counseling programs together with their children because parents may not realize that they also require professional help. In order for a mandatory counseling program to be effected, the Children and Young Persons Act (CYPA) is recommended to be reviewed and amended to exert tighter rein on parents. Another recommendation would be imposing fine on parents if they fail to fulfill their parental responsibility. In UK, parents of delinquent children are fined up to  £1,000 (S$2,670) if they fail to improve their childrens behavior. Current in CYPA, parents may be fined if they fail to comply with any court order pertaining to BCP cases. Perhaps the Juvenile Court can look into imposing such orders into the CYPA to deter frivolous and irresponsible parents (Radha, 2008). Conclusion In summary, ever since BPC order was introduced in 1997 to curb juvenile delinquency, the number of applicants for BCP cases has increased drastically, from an average of 200 complaints in the 90s, to an average of 700 cases over the last 3 years. However, it is worthy to note that although number of BPC applicants has increased, the number of BPC cases awarded by the Juvenile Court has dipped dramatically in the recent years. According to Dr Carol, more than 50% of the BPC applications were dismissed due to lack of concrete evidence to proof that the child is beyond parental control. In most cases, the child could return to normalcy after counseling sessions are conducted. While it is unclear that the statistics gathered can commensurate to the effectiveness of BPC order, the uniqueness of BPC order in Singapore does help and enable juveniles to build self-confidence, self-esteem, positive outlook and instill sense of social responsibility. Besides that, counseling and training prog rams for parents and youths such as Parent Management Training, Parent Support Group, Youth Mentorship Support Program, Beaconworks Program and etc were introduced by the Singapore Children Society to assist parents and youths in terms of counseling, psychological or psychiatric consultations and more importantly, to harmonize the parent-child relationship that might be strained previously.

A Class Prophecy

CLASS PROPHECY â€Å"It’s already 10:30 in the morning, I must hurry or else I will be late for my next flight. † I suddenly exclaimed as I look at my watch to check the time. It was the last day of my trip here in Seoul, a getaway from the pressures of being a neurosurgeon. I immediately left the hotel to get my car and drive myself to the airport. While I am looking out the window of my car, the big screens in the busy streets caught my attention featuring the fashion and showbiz industry.Speaking of fashion, Angelica Somoray, a supermodel, is now a well-known K-Pop performer who is soon to be married. Desiree Micairan, an accountant, owns a workshop for dancing, singing and acting. Elaina Lara is currently working in her newest romantic movie with the most sought after leading man, Mike Joshua Luchana, who is hailed as the â€Å"Actor of the Decade. † These three girls, Angelica, Desiree, and Elaina are also International Dance Icons who replaced the Pussycat Dolls. As I arrive in the airport.I never expected that I would run into my former classmate, Celina Burlat dressed with a uniform that has the logo of a U. S Airline. She is now a flight stewardess taking the same trip to France where she and her family migrated. While waiting for departure, Celina handed me a magazine that features Mr. Vhan Gonzales, and Mr. Alexis Virgel Aladad who are successful business tycoons. After some time, the pilot announces that we are almost ready to depart. Such voice seems so familiar to me.So that when the stewardess announces the names of the pilots, I was really sure that the pilot of the plane which I was boarding is our former classmate, Jay Roll Solon, and his assistant, Jason Baterbonia. So when the plane landed in the airport, I did not waste time to meet the pilots. When we were standing face to face each other, I could hardly believe to see the pilots such handsome & self-assured persons in their pilot uniforms. They invited me to a flashy lounge in the airport. We were so excited to meet again and we talked about our present lives as well as reminisce our high school experiences.I ask about our former classmates and immediately, Jay Roll, having met many of them to different parts of the world, told me about their success and their whereabouts. John Riel Deiparine and Daniel Van Manaez who are both famous classical musicians, are currently in a world concert tour. John Riel was named as the â€Å"Mozart of the 21st century. † Daniel, on the other hand, is named as â€Å"The Great Soprano. † Runette Marie Diaz, the writer of the best cooking magazine in the world, owns 52 branches of her Spanish Restaurant.Oscar Awardee, Nicole Manuawan was declared as one of the richest people in the world by Forbes Magazine. The Chicago Bulls sharp shooter Kevin Cortez who replaced Derrick Rose led his team on a championship game against the big-three of Miami Heat who were Randy Gumapac, Ryan Lara, and Clark Lauron. T hey are few of the Filipino Athletes in the NBA League. May Roselle Joyce Ang, owns one of the most prestigious commercial banks in the world. Marjewrie Gallego, a lawyer in profession, is elected as judge in the International Criminal Court.John Dorryl Payumo works as a manager at the Microsoft Company. He is one of the founders of the latest social networking site. John Aleth Bocal, who is a clinical pharmacist, owns the famous Aleth’s Pharmacy. After bonding with the pilots, I got into my car and drive to the nearest hotel to stay in. The next morning, I started the day with a prayer. I turned on the television and again, I saw Bea Ayuban on her daily news segment, â€Å"Good Morning Bea† with her co-host who is apparently his husband, Tombelle Lara. Tombelle is one of the members of the famous Altima Band.The lead vocalist, Julian Caderao, is on a vacation trip with her fiance. After the segment, I turned the TV off. All of a sudden, my phone began to ring. It was Engineer Kristine Joy Alcordo inviting me to visit her home. It was already dark when I reached her home. My friends, Engineer Leo Abunda and Architect Xena Gonzales were also there. They told me about the constructions they have been through. Kristine, Leo, and Xena are the men behind those great buildings around the world. The night was fun bonding with them. Not until the neighboring house began to explode on fire.I quickly opened my eyes and realized that I was only dreaming as my classmates laugh because I was taking a nap in our Economics class under Sir Jefferson Guinang. But for me, it is not only a dream. It is a dream that needs fulfillment. If only we persevere, study hard, and pray, nothing would be impossible to be reached. This prophecy serves as a challenge among the Seniors. May we all achieve these realms. Thank you and God Bless Us All. Written by: downbeatdynamo. tumblr. com Written for: IV – EMERALDS BATCH 2011-2012

Victor Frankenstein Society Essay - 1926 Words

We are what society makes us. Through Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, the reader is able to see that although we each have free choice, we are the product of the people who surround us: friends, family, teachers and society. This idea is shown through the two main characters of Victor Frankenstein s narrative, himself and the creature. The impact of love, support, and acceptance, or lack thereof, from the people who surround Victor and the creature is illustrated through their reactions, choices, and emotions. Victor is only able to experience happiness in times of depression because of his closest friend, Henry Clerval, and Elizabeth, his companion from a young age. Victor’s professors and his father act as a catalyst for Victor’s choice†¦show more content†¦This illustrates Victor’s knowledge and understanding of Henry’s significance in his life and in whom he has become. Elizabeth, another childhood friend of Victor, serves as a source of consolat ion for Victor in times of depression through her many letters. At a young age, Elizabeth is not only brought into the family to be Victor’s companion, but she is also pressured into taking on a maternal role when Caroline, on her deathbed, tells her, ‘Elizabeth †¦ you must supply my place to your younger cousins’ (Shelley 35). Elizabeth becomes the sole woman of the family, taking on the former duties of Victor’s mother; in a sense, becomes the mother, sister and lover of Victor. When Victor chooses to leave for his studies, she does not request that he stay home and marry her, but rather fulfills her duties in the Frankenstein home and cares for him at a distance. The importance and significance of having the nurture, love, and teachings of a parental figure is shown through Victor and the creature. Early on in the novel, Victor tells Walton that his first memories are of his â€Å"mother’s tender caresses and [his] father’s smile o f benevolent pleasures† (Shelley 27); because Victor’s first recollections are positive ones filled with love and care, he does not develop thoughts of destruction and murder at a young age. Furthermore, it is because of his parents’ teachings that he can receiveShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 PagesShelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. Shelleys essay is less concrete therefore wont bore the reader. 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