Dimitri Mendeleev essays

Dimitri Mendeleev papers Inferred by Dimitri Mendeleev, the occasional table might be one of the most enlightening tables contained in science. By leaving holes in the segments and lines, Mendeleev was taking into consideration the disclosure of unfamiliar components of that time. From the properties of the components encompassing these holes, Mendeleev had the option to anticipate the properties of these unfamiliar components. At last, when different researchers found the devices of the intermittent table, Mendeleev's accomplishments were perceived. Mendeleev was an adaptable virtuoso who was keen on numerous different fields of study, including unadulterated and applied science. Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. (1834-1907) , Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was Russian physicist, known for his improvement of the intermittent table of components. This is a table made to organize the components by their nuclear number. Mendeleev was conceived in Tobolsk, Siberia. He contemplated science at the University of Saint Petersburg, until 1859 when he was sent to learn at the University of Heidelberg. Where he became aquatinted with the Italian physicist Stanislao Cannizzaro, whose sees on nuclear weight changed his reasoning. Mendeleev returned to Saint Petersburg and turned into an educator of science at the Tech. Organization in 1863. He became teacher of general science at the University of Saint Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleev was a famous instructor, and, on the grounds that horrible course book in science was accessible, he composed the two-volume Standards of Chemistry which turned into a work of art. During the composition of his book, Mendeleev attempted to sort out th e components as indicated by their concoction properties and nuclear mass. In 1869 he distributed his first of what got known as the intermittent table, a table made to orchestrate the components by their nuclear number. In 1871 he distributed a superior form of the intermittent table, wherein he left void spaces for components that were unfamiliar. Mendeleevs outline and speculations picked up acknowledgment wh ... <!

Biography of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman

Life story of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman Lili Elbe (conceived Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener, later Lili Ilse Elvenes; December 28, 1882†September 13, 1931) was a spearheading transgender lady. She encountered what is currently known as sexual orientation dysphoria and was one of the main people known to get sex reassignment medical procedure, otherwise called sex affirmation medical procedure. She was additionally an effective painter. Her life was the subject of the novel and film The Danish Girl. Quick Facts: Lili Elbe Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Believed to be the main beneficiary of sexual orientation affirmation surgeryBorn: December 28, 1882 in Vejle, DenmarkDied:  September 13, 1931 in Dresden, Germany Early Life Conceived as Einar Wegener in Vejle, Denmark, Lili Elbe started life as a kid. A few sources accept that she was intersex, having some female organic attributes, yet others contest those reports. Some figure she may have had Klinefelter Syndrome, the nearness of at least two X chromosomes notwithstanding the Y chromosome. Pulverization of clinical records leaves these inquiries unanswered. Elbe contemplated craftsmanship at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark. There, she met artist and painter Gerda Gottlieb, who was cultivated in both workmanship nouveau and craftsmanship deco styles. Marriage and Painting Einar and Gerda experienced passionate feelings for and wedded in 1904. The two of them filled in as specialists. Einar Wegener represented considerable authority in scene works of art in a Post-Impressionistic style while Gerda discovered work as a book and magazine artist. Einar displayed works at the esteemed Salon dAutomne in Paris, France. Around 1908, Danish on-screen character Anna Larssen neglected to appear for a displaying meeting with Gerda Wegener. Via phone, the on-screen character proposed that Einar wear womens garments and substitute as a model because of his sensitive form. He was reluctant from the start, yet concurred after weight from Gerda. Lili later composed, I can't deny, unusual as it might sound, that I had a ball in this mask. I preferred the vibe of delicate womens garments. I felt particularly comfortable in them from the main second. Einar before long turned into a continuous model for his wifes work. Subsequent to strolling in on a demonstrating meeting, Anna Larssen proposed the name Lili for Einars new persona. It was before long embraced, and Lili started showing up more frequently outside of displaying meetings. The family name Elbe was later picked out of appreciation for the stream that courses through Dresden, Germany, the site of her last medical procedures. In her self-portrayal, Lili Elbe communicated that she in the long run murdered Einar, while liberating herself, when she decided to have intercourse reassignment medical procedure. In 1912, when word rose that the model for Gerdas work was really her significant other, they confronted embarrassment in their home city of Copenhagen. The couple left their nation and moved to the all the more tolerating city of Paris, France. All through the 1920s, Einar much of the time showed up at occasions as Lili. Gerda regularly introduced her as Einars sister. Before the decade's over, Lili got edgy to live as a lady. Specialists and clinicians marked Lili a schizophrenic to depict the fight among male and female. She picked May 1, 1930, as a self destruction date. In February 1930, in any case, she discovered that the specialist Magnus Hirschfeld may assist her with starting the change procedure. Progress Lili Elbe experienced a progression of four or five sex reassignment medical procedures starting later in 1930. Magnus Hirschfeld counseled on the methods while gynecologist Kurt Warnekros performed them. The principal included expulsion of the balls and occurred in Berlin, Germany. Later medical procedures embedded an ovary and evacuated the penis and occurred in Dresden, Germany. The arranged last activity included implantation of an uterus and development of a fake vagina. A few reports developed that the specialists discovered simple ovaries in Lilis midsection. Later in 1930, Lili got an official identification under the name Lili Ilse Elvenes. In October 1930, King Christian X of Denmark authoritatively dissolved the marriage of Einar Wegener and Gerda Gottlieb. Their splitting was neighborly. Lili was at long last ready to authoritatively carry on with her life as a lady. Lili finished her vocation as a craftsman, accepting that the work as a painter had a place with Einar. She met and experienced passionate feelings for French craftsmanship vendor Claude Lejeune. He proposed, and the couple intended to wed. Lili trusted medical procedure would permit her to hold up under a kid to construct a family with her significant other. Demise In 1931, Lili came back to Dresden, Germany for medical procedure to embed an uterus. In June, the medical procedure occurred. Lilis body before long dismissed the new uterus, and she experienced a contamination. Medications to forestall dismissal didn't turn out to be promptly accessible until fifty years after the fact. Lili passed on September 13, 1931 from heart failure welcomed on by the disease. In spite of the sad idea of her demise, Lili communicated to loved ones that she was appreciative for the chance to live as a lady following the medical procedures. Considering life after her first medical procedure, she composed, It might be said that 14 months isn't a lot, however they appear to me like an entire and cheerful human life. Heritage and The Danish Girl Tragically, numerous holes in the biography of Lili Elbe existed. Books at Germanys Institute for Sexual Research identifying with her story were devastated in 1933 by Nazi understudies. United besieging strikes in 1945 decimated the Dresden Womens Clinic and its records during World War II. For analysts, the way toward arranging fantasy from certainty is troublesome. Quite a bit of what is thought about Lili Elbe originates from her self-portrayal Man Into Woman distributed by Ernst Ludwig Harthern-Jacobson under the pen name Hoyer after her passing. It depends on her journals and letters. Numerous analysts accept that Lili Elbe was the main lady to get sex reassignment medical procedure. In any case, some contest the reality. Regardless of whether interesting or not, the medical procedure was exceptionally trial during the 1930s. In 2000, creator David Ebershoff distributed his novel The Danish Girl, in light of Lili Elbes life. It turned into a global smash hit. In 2015, the novel was made into a film of a similar name. Source Hoyer, Niels, manager. Man Into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. Jarrold Publishers, 1933.

When Econ Comes to Life

When Econ Comes to Life During your first day at MIT, after you check in for Orientation, theres usually a table in the back of the room thats piled full of helpful handouts. Although Ive since forgotten what most of the papers were, theres always big white poster entitled One Hundred and One Things to Do Before You Graduate. Its a shame that I actually misplaced my poster and have to rely on the copy that my friend Anna has hanging up in her room. At last count (beginning of the year this year), Ive done just over half of all the items on that chart. One item that I particularly remember, however, is Attend a Nobel Laureate Lecture. I think it was in the comments of these very blogs that I remember a poster saying, I cant wait until I get to MIT and brush shoulders with Nobel Prize laureates and study their theories in the lab. Although at last count, theres 7 active Nobel laureates* on the MIT faculty, its definitely possible to run into esteemed faculty who have won National Medals of Science**, Pulitzer Prize***, and other prestigious honors in the Infinite, at Stata Center, or more commonly, in lecture halls. (* Professor Robert Horvitz, who won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work with the genetics of C. elegans, works in the lab right next to my UROP with the same worm. I attended a couple of Horvitz lab meetings! ** Professor Robert Weinberg, co-professor of the fall introductory bio class, 7.012, and Robert Langer, head of the huge Langer Lab on campus (where many undergrads such as Paul worked at for UROPs), won the National Medal of Science in 1997 and 2006, respectively. (why are these distinguished scientists all Robert/Bobs?) *** Professor Junot Diaz, associate professor in Course 21W (Writing and Humanistic Studies), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize just this year for his novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.) To date, I had attended three lectures given by Nobel Prize laureates, and I had the pleasure of attending another such lecture on Thursday afternoon, given by Harvard Professor Gregory Mankiw (but MIT PhD. 84) and Professor Emeritus Robert Solow (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 1987 another Robert!!). Photo credit: MIT News Office. Professor Mankiw is on the far left and Professor Solow is on the far right. I especially wanted to blog about this because: -Im very interested in Economics (or Course 14), and I am considering it as a minor or a potential double major. -The world is going through a global financial crisis, and its a dynamic time to be studying economics. -Both Mankiw and Solow are now extremely familiar names to me through studying Macroecon (14.02) this semester. So heres the deal: Mankiw is the person that wrote my 14.02 textbook, and Solow is the person that developed the Solow Growth Model which dominated Chapters 7 and 8 of the said book. Anyhow, it was quite exciting to be in such distinguished company since it was like a omg-I-cant-believe-these-people-are-live! kind of feeling (kinda like a kid seeing Mickey Mouse the first time at Disneyland, if you get my gist =p). The seminar itself was pretty interesting. Its helpful to know that actually Mankiw is a Republican, and was one of President Bushs economic advisers from 2003 to 2005. While Solow, on the other hand, explicitly stated that he didnt even consider voting for anyone other than Obama. Its also interesting to note that Mankiw was a MIT grad who spent his teaching career at Harvard, while Solow was a Harvard grad who spent his teaching career at MIT (this comment brought hearty laughter from the audience). Both professors opened the session by providing a 20-minute outline of issues and topics that would be of concern in the future Obama administration, while taking questions from the audience for the remaining 20. Both professors, in their initial discourse, discussed the current financial crisis, with Mankiw pointing out that the financial crisis precipitated from a mis-management in the housing market. Solow followed this up by saying that now, what is most important for the US to do is to prevent the loss of total output which is inherent in a recession (for example, like what happened during the Great Depression the theory is that as long as productivity levels do not decrease, the economy isnt truly in a recession and theres still ways to alleviate the problem). Also, since Fed chairman Bernanke had already loaned where no man had loaned before, this crisis cannot be resolved solely through monetary policy, since that channel has already been exhausted. Furthermore, Solow calls for the distribution of large federal grants to state/local governments, extending unemployment insurance, and promoting infrastructural spending as pointers for the new government. However, the challenge is doing all of these while closing the national deficit. He directly pointed out that the reason why the United States has such a big deficit is because the public doesnt save, but the government consumes a lot. In addition, both professors discussed the increasingly controversial topic of health care, with Mankiw supporting the $5000 tax credit plan proposed by McCain through the campaign (McCain promised a return of $5000 in tax credit to individuals for the use of items such as health care), while Solow pointed out that $5000 hardly covers the aggregate cost of medical treatment nowadays for any significant disease. Instead, he proposed a bottom-up approach seeking an alternative of creating an external agency in evaluating the pricing of new medical products in an effort of keeping medical costs down, in the same way that Great Britain had attempted to deal with its health care. Solow further calls for a growing recognition of the problem of increased inequality in the current American society. Especially, he calls for the government to stop favoring the high income earners because what is essentially happening in America now is that the rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. Mankiw agrees, stating that the current system which strongly favors the income of the financial sector is not going to resolve the wealth disparity. In Q/A section at the end, one interesting question that was posed was whether the government should bail out General Motors, in the same way that the government intervened with Wall Street. Solow stated that there isnt a point pouring money into a system thats already broken whats important is getting to the root of the problem in the system and fixing it. Mankiw replied in the affirmative to the question posed, but given that private investors would be willing to sponsor the action, since theres also no point in investing in a company that had already lost its investment return viability. Again, I think this is one of the most amazing things about MIT that classroom learning doesnt just occur in the classes, but also carries over to current issues in the field. You see it everywhere students doing UROP work on cutting-edge research topics just like any other researcher in the field, colloquiums featuring outstanding scientists from around the world discussing their research (that is, if you can even understand the extent of their work), and accomplished faculty taking time away from their research to teach undergraduate classes (just last week I discovered the lecturer for 7.03, Professor Fink, is actually one of the worlds most renowned yeast geneticists!). I guess I really have to work harder. ^_____^

Marine Biomes - 1037 Words

Marine Biomes Shonda Morton October 20, 2013 SCI/230 Paula Roberts A marine biome is a large aquatic zone that takes up almost 75% of Earth’s surface, has a salt concentration around 3%, and is distinguished from other biomes by its physical environment. According to Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, (2010), the habitats of a marine biome varies depending on the level of the sea that it exists (pp.382). The layers or â€Å"zones† that make up the marine biome consist of the pelagic realm, the intertidal zone, the photic zone, the aphotic zone, and the benthic realm. The pelagic realm is the part of the marine biome that includes all open water. (Dickey, Reece, Simon, 2010) explains â€Å"the†¦show more content†¦Other marine life that exist in this ecosystem prey on other species for food, such as shark, octopus, and larger fish prey on smaller marine life for food. Herbivory is a large part of the marine life, which is the consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. Phytoplankton, known as algae and other plants of the marine environment is the producer for food of many species living in this ecosystem. The consumer relies directly or indirectly on the output of the producers. A main hazard to this ecosystem caused by humans would be pollution. The acid precipitation, toxic chemicals, and other contaminants are harming the aquatic environment, and it contributes to the dwindling population of species in this ecosystem. According to (Dickey, Reece Simon, 2010), this human behavior has contributed to the decline in commercial fish species, dying coral reefs, and even the closing of some beaches due to pollution. The abiotic factors present in this ecosystem consist of temperature, light, water, minerals, and air. Majority of organisms living in this aquatic environment require specific temperatures to survive, although temperatures can vary according to the species. Obviously, water is a part of the aquatic environment, and is actually essential to all parts of life. Light plays a ma jor part in the photosynthesis process for many organismsShow MoreRelatedMarine Biomes1537 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Research Paper The ocean is one of, if not, the largest biome on earth. There are more than one million species of marine life. Covering over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, the ocean is our planet’s largest habitat, containing 99 percent of the living space on the planet. This area holds the life of nearly 50 percent of all species on Earth. Like lakes, oceans are subdivided into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. All four zones have a great diversity of species. TheRead MoreMarine Biome2245 Words   |  9 PagesA biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its’ plant life, climate, and location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major bi omes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain forest, temperateRead MoreBiomes are the Communities of the World1031 Words   |  4 Pages Biomes are all over the world, that’s why they are considered the â€Å"world’s major communities.† Biomes are large areas scattered around the earth, filled with animals and plants acclimating to their environments. You can classify biomes in many different ways, by their climate, their biodiversity, human activity, their animals and plants, and their habitats. There are only five conspicuous types of biomes, Grassland, Tundra, Desert, Aquatic, and forest. Without biomes, the earth would beRead MoreDna Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Because of this, there is a greater demand on our resources. Biomes and Ecosystems A biome is defined as a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by either vegetation type or physical environment. (Campbell Essentials Biology 2013) Aquatic biomes are either freshwater biomes, or marine biomes. Freshwater biomes include ponds, rivers, lakes, wetlands and streams while marine biomes are the oceans. Terrestrial biomes are grouped together mainly based on their vegetation type. TropicalRead MoreResearch Report On Terrestrial And Aquatic Biomes1680 Words   |  7 Pageson Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes Mr. Washington 4th Period â€Æ' When you hear the term biome, you think of plants and animals in the same biodiversity. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems that cover a broad area, and maintained under the climate conditions of the region, especially such a community that has developed to climax. Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils, and vegetation. There are five major categories of biomes on earth. In these five,Read More Biomes of the World Essay2247 Words   |  9 Pages A biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its’ plant life, climate, and location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major biomes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain forest,Read MoreThe Ocean Has Been My Favorite Environment972 Words   |  4 Pagesin Australia. It wasn t until I encountered a wild dolphin at Clearwater beach, Florida that I decided to be a marine biologist. The dolphin was so friendly and welcoming, swimming by me and my brother and allowing us to stroke his slimy skin. That experience will stick with me forever and is a huge part of why I want to pursue a career in marine biology. When I chose to be a marine biologist, my parents were very supportive. They would take us to the beach as much as possible for vacations, butRead MoreOcean and Resources1398 Words   |  6 PagesSeas and oceans provide various types of resources to human beings and habitats to numerous species of plants and animals. They play very important roles in the economy of a nation and its people. Still, the marine and coastal ecosystems are under severe stress due to human activities. Ocean Resources The ocean is one of Earth s most valuable natural resources. It provides food in the form of fish and shellfish—about 200 billion pounds are caught each year. It s used for transportation—both travelRead More Diversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2 Ocean Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2Ocean Red algae, Rhodophyta, is easily identified in the marine environment because it appears as a red color. There are many different species, originating from many different corners of the Earth. The ocean biome in the Biosphere 2 was constructed using raw seawater off the coast of Southern California, which contained many different unknown species of algae. During the construction of the biome, other known species of algae from variousRead MoreOceans: The Importance of Preserving this Delicate Marine Environment1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Oceans are the most diverse biomes in the world, for they cover 71% of the planet. Life in the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior than land, and it still has over  ¾ of all the habitats on Earth. Humans have always posed threats to the delicate marine environment, yet it still is thriving. Without the marine biome humans and other animals alike would not be in existence, for evolution of the first life would never have occurred, and w e would not have a strong enough atmosphere to support life

The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples

The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples It's simple to go off on your very own personal rant instead of actually answer the question. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capability to spark the interests of your readers. We're confident our tips can help you master the art of essay writing and get positive emotions in the practice of this task fulfilling. Keep an eye out for chances to reveal your analysis and attention to detail abilities. Human's very first relationship is quite important. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. An essay outline can help you organize the general structure of your essay. To do that you will need to set your essay off to an excellent start. The essay offers you an opportunity to reveal how effectively it is possible to read and comprehend a passage and compose an essay analyzing the passage. This essay examines the explanations for why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers a number of the issues with this technique of assessment. Descriptive essay topics might be either easier or tougher. Be sure to follow along with the suitable format, consisting of the general sections of an essay. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. In order for this kind of essay to be productive, the researching of the topic has to be thorough and well balanced. Picking the very best advice is definitely hard because I feel all them are the very best advices for me. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. In here you'll observe examples on various subjects in some specific formatting styles and of distinct kinds of essays. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. This essay will appear at a few of the most crucial parts of advice a fantastic parent can have, which will hopefully result in a good' parenting. It is essential for the child to produce strong nutritious attachments with not only parents, but in addition with different individuals, like their grandparents or caregivers. Parents are important, for the reason that they are the major example for their child on the best way to interact with the world and the way they ought to lead their life. Being a first-time parent can be an extremely challenging and hard period in an individual's life. The Lost Secret of Advice Essay Samples There exists many thin gs that results in termination. Behavioral assessment is a procedure of measuring a persons behavior in line with the observable qualities of a person. For example, the behavior of an individual is largely affected by the place he is rather than he environmental ailments. According to this approach, it is determined by external environmental factors. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Your MBA essays are your very best opportunity to sell the individual behind the resume. Persuasive essays are intended to be convincing, this might be to buy a given product or maybe to earn a call to action. Firstly to grasp What a Literary Evaluation Essay means, it is a choice to determine and perceive the job of a writer, even if it's a single work or a whole physique of work. It is possible to also become different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Another reaso n it's the ideal advice, it encourages me. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Therefore it is critical that help is at hand. The Hidden Treasure of Advice Essay Samples Even though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be regarded as an afterthought. As the last paragraph is represents your final opportunity to create your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. The previous sentence provides the reply to the essay question. A couple of sentences can avoid confusion and create your essay much simpler to read. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to discover some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. Second, a superb writer is a person who makes things simple to understand for the readers. Finally, he keeps fo cus. Consequently, to be a great writer you need to be punctual and authentic.

How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society Free Essays

Topic: How to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society? Every people want to live freely to do whatever they want in a society with freedom and want to communicate with every social groups or governments to build up a good community. If we want to ensure individual freedom I shall briefly that what is the freedom and community is? Freedom is the power or rights to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Community means that all people living in a particular area or place which call local communities. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society? or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society? First of all, Individual freedom is talk about people is given rights to pursue life, liberty and happiness. To ensure individual freedom in society is security. Security is the most important point for the individual freedom because security is the degree of protection to safeguard for citizens live in country. If the country does not maintenance the security for the citizens or in society have not well developed in security, so the citizens or in society have no freedom to act or rights to do everything and it might be harm in society. But if the society does maintenance the security for the citizens or this country in society will have no war. And also a country which provides citizens live in freedom under well developed in security in everything that they feel free to do anything they want. Hence, people have individual freedom that want to do everything freely because freedom is born out of an understanding of natural law and natural consequences and that drive each of us to be personality responsible for our own actions, to be self-reliant in our thinking and in our work. Second, to ensure individual freedom in society is self-autonomy because self-autonomy is a self-governing in society whom responds for our own actions in society. If we have self-autonomy to do something, to govern in our own decision in society, it seems that we strongly have ability to do everything. So self-autonomy is another point that seek to individual freedom. For the community-building is creation or enhancement of community among ndividual within regional area or with common interest. To improve community-building we have to make social capital. Because social capital produce a sense of belonging which make an increasing overall health of community. Social capital is a social group that cooperated between citizens and governments that participates in society. To increase evidence shows that social capital cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is focus on social relations that have productive benefits. It is the most important participates in this society is to make social group and the governments make it to the strong system one to ensure which mean to build up the local communities or social truth governments and create more policies. Thus, to ensure community-building in society is we have social capital which have group of social or governments cooperating to build up the strong community. To sum up, we seems to ensure individual freedom and community-building in a society have many reasons or explanations to describe. For reasons or explanations to ensure individual freedom are security and self-autonomy. If every people live in society does have individual freedom which means that their society must have well developed in security and have self-autonomy. But for the ensure community-building is about social capital which means that all citizens and governments work together with a good community in society. How to cite How to Ensure Individual Freedom and Community-Building in a Society?, Papers

The John Lewis Partnership - Motivation free essay sample

John Lewis, Waitrose and Ocado: distinctively successful Analyse and comment on ‘the John Lewis Partnership’ approach to the welfare of its workers in relation to different theories of motivation. Fda Business Year 1 HR186 – Understanding Organisations 29th November 2010 Table of Contents Introduction Page 1 The Partners Page 1-2 Motivational Influences Page 2-3 Money Page 3-4 The Theory Page 4-5 Conclusion Page 5-6 Introduction With relation to different theories, motivation has derived more from behaviour than need. Although without need, there is not an understanding of the motivational process requirements within an organisation. The John Lewis Partnership has evolved over the past century, owing a proportion of its success to its industrial democratic structure. The approach to the welfare of its workers is its co-ownership, making the workers the main assets within the organisation. The employees are more than just a workforce; they are the Partners of the business. The Partners With the industrial democracy demonstrated, there is not a requirement for a union. We will write a custom essay sample on The John Lewis Partnership Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Workers have the responsibility to choose and elect 80% of representatives in their Partnership council, though the employees do not run the business. There are 4 Principles on which the Partnership centres its motivation skills; purpose, power, profit and its members. The diversity within the organisation is based upon equal opportunities, treating every member with respect and as individuals. Tracey Killen, Director of Personnel believes, Our aim is to be a business where our leaders feel confident with, and have a full understanding of the diversity in their teams, so that they can ensure Partners have a consistent, equitable, and motivating experience of the Partnership. This goes to the heart of our ultimate purpose and drives business advantage. Available @ John Lewis Website 2nd November 2010. http://www. johnlewispartnership. co. uk/Display. aspx? =74681741-bda8-4258-840b-f4eb1ad2e05c=633. Partner Happiness’ comes from the satisfaction, shared responsibility and the benefits provided to the workforce. The benefits include an annual bonus, pension schemes and discounts, generous holiday entitlements, leisure facilities and several estates to house the workers and their families. Each week the †supreme purpose. the fairest possible sharing by all members of all advantages of ownership-gain, knowledge, and power. † This will promote greater happiness in working life, satisfying the mind and spirit of employees. Based on Labor-Management Relations 10th November 2010 http://heinonline. rg/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals=hein. journals/ialrr22=56= Motivational influences F . W Taylors influence over the twentieth century (1856-1917), alongside the social change in politics, appeared to be the reason John Lewis took his courageous step of leaving the family run business, to be the founder of the highly successful organisation widely known on our high street today. F W Taylor (1947) perceived that the resulting increase in working efficiency would improve the status of labour and society in general. Mackay, 2007, Elsevier Ltd, 1st edition, page 37. His father and brother earned between them a salary of more than their entire workforce. Mr Lewis began to foresee his future and the realism of bringing equality into the workforce. The equity theory of motivation, which can be associated with Adams work, was inspired from realising that every person requires the equalisation of the next. Within the work environment, an ‘equal status’ requires no competitiveness against another individual. Behaviour becomes of a positive nature, having the capabilities to achieve goals and show a level of effort, responsibility and initiative. Though originally outlined by Benjamin Franklin, in recent years, McClelland (1965) formulated a motive acquisition process that included goal-setting and planning, of which are essential for change to occur. Cherniss Goleman, Jossey Bass, 1st edition, page 248. Money Organisations which are based on shares are not only the reason for motivation but are an inevitable stimulation to the workers. Every member will receive an amount of between 6-9 weeks wages per annum based upon the profits earned within that financial year. The Tory proposal for core public services to be owned and managed by employee-owned co-operatives contains a number of ideas rolled into one. The two most important are: 1) organisations perform better where staff have a direct financial stake in their success or failure; 2) the role of the state should be limited to providing funds and monitoring outcomes. Available @ BBC Website 15th November 2010. http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/02/the_john_lewis_state. tml During difficult economic situations, The John Lewis Partnership has not fallen but continued to grow at a substantial rate. The workers are motivated by the bonuses they receive. Benefits are generated upon the profits earned through satisfaction of service to the customer. The employee’s behaviour is a need to achieve in all aspects of the business in order to continue with its financial growth which is shown in appendix 1. Not everybody sees this motivation as a reward but a reduction in performance and effort, with money benefits being highly adequate. Is there a need to achieve higher? analysts such as Jensen and Meckling (1979) have argued the opposite: that profit-sharing will reduce performance. Rather than rewarding personal effort directly, profit-sharing gives each worker only a fraction of any additional benefit due to his or her own effort. This fails to increase the incentive to work in the manner of individualized pay schemes, and it increases the importance of peer monitoring in maintaining effort levels. Based on Industrial Relations:A Journal of Economy and Society 15th November 2010. http://onlinelibrary. iley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1468-232X. 1990. tb00760. x/pdf The Theory Frederick Herzberg (1956) worked as an American psychologist whose research extended to what motivated a human at work and the satisfaction of an individual within their job. This work was known to of complemented Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. Herzberg’s theory was based on 2 factors; hygiene and motivators (intrinsic). The hygi ene factor known as ‘dissatisfiers’ are tangibles such as pay, company policy and relationships, which play only a small part in the motivation of a person. Motivator factor known as ‘satisfiers’, derives from fulfilling the hygiene factors such as achievement, responsibility and promotion. Only unsatisfied needs will motivate a person. The Partners co-ownership status of the business allows them to achieve adequate satisfaction from the responsibility they withhold. When the employee’s have reached their required goal, they shall receive rewards of worthy bonuses alongside highly paid salaries. Conclusion In relation to Maslow’s hierarchy theory within a large organisation, every individual has a different need. The reality of fulfilling these needs is not easily achievable, though can be arguably, dependant on the type of needs required. John Lewis has the capabilities of meeting the needs of his workforce by the variation of benefits offered both internally and externally of the work place. From promoting both work and leisure benefits, this enables the Partnership to balance work and home lifestyles which also will become a strong influence in committing the workers to the business for a majority of their work life. The workers are attracted to the money and bonuses they receive, as throughout life everybody in some way shall be influenced and motivated by the fulfilment and need to have or obtain money. Seemingly, the John Lewis Partnership may have to find new ways of motivation beyond money if the economy struggles to stabilise. Responsibility without sufficient pay might not be enough to keep the Partnership at its current level of successfulness. However, appendix 2 indicates that organisations such as the John Lewis Partnership have a greater resilience to such difficult economic times and that we should be looking at how this ownership model could benefit the economy as a whole. Bibliography Cherniss Goleman, Jossey Bass, 1st edition, page 248. http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/02/the_john_lewis_state. html http://www. johnlewispartnership. co. uk/Display. aspx? =74681741-bda8-4258-840b-f4eb1ad2e05c=633. http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1468-232X. 1990. tb00760. x/pdf Labor-Management Relations http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals=hein. journals/ialrr22=56=. Mackay, 2007, Elsevier Ltd, 1st edition, page 37. Appendices Appendix 1 : Partnership weekly sales figures for last week (to 6 November 2010) Appendix 2: Employee ownership model shows greater resilience Wednesday 10 February 2010 Research published today finds that companies owned by their employees are more resilient than conventionally structured companies, outperforming the market during the downturn and demonstrating a lower risk of business failure. The report Model Growth: Do employee-owned businesses deliver sustainable performance? was commissioned by the John Lewis Partnership and is based on research by Cass Business School, including an in-depth survey of senior executives and analysis of the financial data of over 250 companies. The research finds that the employee ownership model offers particular advantages to small and medium-sized businesses and in knowledge and skill-intensive sectors, where employee-owned companies significantly outperform competitors. Employee-owned firms also create new jobs more quickly and add more value to output and human capital than conventionally structured businesses, whilst demonstrating the same levels of profitability. Professor Joseph Lampel, one of the reports authors, comments: Resilience the ability of firms to sustain employment and growth during difficult economic conditions has been neglected as a crucial aspect of company performance over the past two decades. Instead, business strategy and public policy have been dominated by an unremitting focus on maximising share value. In the current economic conditions, business leaders and policy makers should be looking again at the resilience associated with the employee ownership model and how it could benefit the economy as a whole. The report also identifies barriers to the growth of employee-owned companies. It finds that some have difficulties obtaining favourable financing from institutions that are more accustomed to dealing with listed companies, and that they also face more regulatory and policy challenges than businesses with other ownership structures. The report is written by Professor Joseph Lampel and Dr Ajay Bhalla from Cass Business School and Dr Pushkar Jha from Newcastle University Business School. It was produced with the support of the Employee Ownership Association, which represents nearly 100 companies wholly or substantially owned by their employees, including the John Lewis Partnership.